Squashed 'libs/CommService/' content from commit 7ccc0fc

git-subtree-dir: libs/CommService
git-subtree-split: 7ccc0fce88bbc5969df060058cf0fb57abe3bcf9

libs/CLI11/book/chapters/flags.md

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# Adding Flags
+
+The most basic addition to a command line program is a flag. This is simply
+something that does not take any arguments. Adding a flag in CLI11 is done in
+one of three ways.
+
+## Boolean flags
+
+The simplest way to add a flag is probably a boolean flag:
+
+```cpp
+bool my_flag{false};
+app.add_flag("-f", my_flag, "Optional description");
+```
+
+This will bind the flag `-f` to the boolean `my_flag`. After the parsing step,
+`my_flag` will be `false` if the flag was not found on the command line, or
+`true` if it was. By default, it will be allowed any number of times, but if you
+explicitly\[^1\] request `->take_last(false)`, it will only be allowed once;
+passing something like `./my_app -f -f` or `./my_app -ff` will throw a
+`ParseError` with a nice help description. A flag name may start with any
+character except ('-', ' ', '\n', and '!'). For long flags, after the first
+character all characters are allowed except ('=',':','{',' ', '\n'). Names are
+given as a comma separated string, with the dash or dashes. An flag can have as
+many names as you want, and afterward, using `count`, you can use any of the
+names, with dashes as needed.
+
+## Integer flags
+
+If you want to allow multiple flags and count their value, simply use any
+integral variables instead of a bool:
+
+```cpp
+int my_flag{0};
+app.add_flag("-f", my_flag, "Optional description");
+```
+
+After the parsing step, `my_flag` will contain the number of times this flag was
+found on the command line, including 0 if not found.
+
+This behavior can also be controlled manually via
+`->multi_option_policy(CLI::MultiOptionPolicy::Sum)` as of version 2.2.
+
+## Arbitrary type flags
+
+CLI11 allows the type of the variable to assign to in the `add_flag` function to
+be any supported type. This is particularly useful in combination with
+specifying default values for flags. The allowed types include bool, int, float,
+vector, enum, or string-like.
+
+### Default Flag Values
+
+Flag options specified through the `add_flag*` functions allow a syntax for the
+option names to default particular options to a false value or any other value
+if some flags are passed. For example:
+
+```cpp
+app.add_flag("--flag,!--no-flag",result,"help for flag");
+```
+
+specifies that if `--flag` is passed on the command line result will be true or
+contain a value of 1. If `--no-flag` is passed `result` will contain false or -1
+if `result` is a signed integer type, or 0 if it is an unsigned type. An
+alternative form of the syntax is more explicit: `"--flag,--no-flag{false}"`;
+this is equivalent to the previous example. This also works for short form
+options `"-f,!-n"` or `"-f,-n{false}"`. If `variable_to_bind_to` is anything but
+an integer value the default behavior is to take the last value given, while if
+`variable_to_bind_to` is an integer type the behavior will be to sum all the
+given arguments and return the result. This can be modified if needed by
+changing the `multi_option_policy` on each flag (this is not inherited). The
+default value can be any value. For example if you wished to define a numerical
+flag:
+
+```cpp
+app.add_flag("-1{1},-2{2},-3{3}",result,"numerical flag")
+```
+
+using any of those flags on the command line will result in the specified number
+in the output. Similar things can be done for string values, and enumerations,
+as long as the default value can be converted to the given type.
+
+## Pure flags
+
+Every command that starts with `add_`, such as the flag commands, return a
+pointer to the internally stored `CLI::Option` that describes your addition. If
+you prefer, you can capture this pointer and use it, and that allows you to skip
+adding a variable to bind to entirely:
+
+```cpp
+CLI::Option* my_flag = app.add_flag("-f", "Optional description");
+```
+
+After parsing, you can use `my_flag->count()` to count the number of times this
+was found. You can also directly use the value (`*my_flag`) as a bool.
+`CLI::Option` will be discussed in more detail later.
+
+## Callback flags
+
+If you want to define a callback that runs when you make a flag, you can use
+`add_flag_function` (C++11 or newer) or `add_flag` (C++14 or newer only) to add
+a callback function. The function should have the signature `void(std::size_t)`.
+This could be useful for a version printout, etc.
+
+```cpp
+auto callback = [](int count){std::cout << "This was called " << count << " times";};
+app.add_flag_function("-c", callback, "Optional description");
+```
+
+## Aliases
+
+The name string, the first item of every `add_` method, can contain as many
+short and long names as you want, separated by commas. For example,
+`"-a,--alpha,-b,--beta"` would allow any of those to be recognized on the
+command line. If you use the same name twice, or if you use the same name in
+multiple flags, CLI11 will immediately throw a `CLI::ConstructionError`
+describing your problem (it will not wait until the parsing step).
+
+If you want to make an option case insensitive, you can use the
+`->ignore_case()` method on the `CLI::Option` to do that. For example,
+
+```cpp
+bool flag{false};
+app.add_flag("--flag", flag)
+    ->ignore_case();
+```
+
+would allow the following to count as passing the flag:
+
+```term
+gitbook $ ./my_app --fLaG
+```
+
+## Example
+
+The following program will take several flags:
+
+[include:"define"](../code/flags.cpp)
+
+The values would be used like this:
+
+[include:"usage"](../code/flags.cpp)
+
+[Source code](https://github.com/CLIUtils/CLI11/tree/main/book/code/flags.cpp)
+
+If you compile and run:
+
+```term
+gitbook:examples $ g++ -std=c++11 flags.cpp
+gitbook:examples $ ./a.out -h
+Flag example program
+Usage: ./a.out [OPTIONS]
+
+Options:
+  -h,--help                   Print this help message and exit
+  -b,--bool                   This is a bool flag
+  -i,--int                    This is an int flag
+  -p,--plain                  This is a plain flag
+
+gitbook:examples $ ./a.out -bii --plain -i
+The flags program
+Bool flag passed
+Flag int: 3
+Flag plain: 1
+```
+
+\[^1\]: It will not inherit this from the parent defaults, since this is often
+useful even if you don't want all options to allow multiple passed options.