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<a id="top"></a>
# Reference
To get the most out of Catch2, start with the [tutorial](tutorial.md#top).
Once you're up and running consider the following reference material.
Writing tests:
* [Assertion macros](assertions.md#top)
* [Matchers](matchers.md#top)
* [Logging macros](logging.md#top)
* [Test cases and sections](test-cases-and-sections.md#top)
* [Test fixtures](test-fixtures.md#top)
* [Reporters](reporters.md#top)
* [Event Listeners](event-listeners.md#top)
* [Data Generators](generators.md#top)
* [Other macros](other-macros.md#top)
* [Micro benchmarking](benchmarks.md#top)
Fine tuning:
* [Supplying your own main()](own-main.md#top)
* [Compile-time configuration](configuration.md#top)
* [String Conversions](tostring.md#top)
Running:
* [Command line](command-line.md#top)
Odds and ends:
* [CMake integration](cmake-integration.md#top)
* [CI and other miscellaneous pieces](ci-and-misc.md#top)
FAQ:
* [Why are my tests slow to compile?](slow-compiles.md#top)
* [Known limitations](limitations.md#top)
Other:
* [Why Catch?](why-catch.md#top)
* [Open Source Projects using Catch](opensource-users.md#top)
* [Commercial Projects using Catch](commercial-users.md#top)
* [Contributing](contributing.md#top)
* [Release Notes](release-notes.md#top)
* [Deprecations and incoming changes](deprecations.md#top)

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# Assertion Macros
**Contents**<br>
[Natural Expressions](#natural-expressions)<br>
[Exceptions](#exceptions)<br>
[Matcher expressions](#matcher-expressions)<br>
[Thread Safety](#thread-safety)<br>
[Expressions with commas](#expressions-with-commas)<br>
Most test frameworks have a large collection of assertion macros to capture all possible conditional forms (```_EQUALS```, ```_NOTEQUALS```, ```_GREATER_THAN``` etc).
Catch is different. Because it decomposes natural C-style conditional expressions most of these forms are reduced to one or two that you will use all the time. That said there is a rich set of auxiliary macros as well. We'll describe all of these here.
Most of these macros come in two forms:
## Natural Expressions
The ```REQUIRE``` family of macros tests an expression and aborts the test case if it fails.
The ```CHECK``` family are equivalent but execution continues in the same test case even if the assertion fails. This is useful if you have a series of essentially orthogonal assertions and it is useful to see all the results rather than stopping at the first failure.
* **REQUIRE(** _expression_ **)** and
* **CHECK(** _expression_ **)**
Evaluates the expression and records the result. If an exception is thrown, it is caught, reported, and counted as a failure. These are the macros you will use most of the time.
Examples:
```
CHECK( str == "string value" );
CHECK( thisReturnsTrue() );
REQUIRE( i == 42 );
```
* **REQUIRE_FALSE(** _expression_ **)** and
* **CHECK_FALSE(** _expression_ **)**
Evaluates the expression and records the _logical NOT_ of the result. If an exception is thrown it is caught, reported, and counted as a failure.
(these forms exist as a workaround for the fact that ! prefixed expressions cannot be decomposed).
Example:
```
REQUIRE_FALSE( thisReturnsFalse() );
```
Do note that "overly complex" expressions cannot be decomposed and thus will not compile. This is done partly for practical reasons (to keep the underlying expression template machinery to minimum) and partly for philosophical reasons (assertions should be simple and deterministic).
Examples:
* `CHECK(a == 1 && b == 2);`
This expression is too complex because of the `&&` operator. If you want to check that 2 or more properties hold, you can either put the expression into parenthesis, which stops decomposition from working, or you need to decompose the expression into two assertions: `CHECK( a == 1 ); CHECK( b == 2);`
* `CHECK( a == 2 || b == 1 );`
This expression is too complex because of the `||` operator. If you want to check that one of several properties hold, you can put the expression into parenthesis (unlike with `&&`, expression decomposition into several `CHECK`s is not possible).
### Floating point comparisons
When comparing floating point numbers - especially if at least one of them has been computed - great care must be taken to allow for rounding errors and inexact representations.
Catch provides a way to perform tolerant comparisons of floating point values through use of a wrapper class called `Approx`. `Approx` can be used on either side of a comparison expression. It overloads the comparisons operators to take a tolerance into account. Here's a simple example:
```cpp
REQUIRE( performComputation() == Approx( 2.1 ) );
```
Catch also provides a user-defined literal for `Approx`; `_a`. It resides in
the `Catch::literals` namespace and can be used like so:
```cpp
using namespace Catch::literals;
REQUIRE( performComputation() == 2.1_a );
```
`Approx` is constructed with defaults that should cover most simple cases.
For the more complex cases, `Approx` provides 3 customization points:
* __epsilon__ - epsilon serves to set the coefficient by which a result
can differ from `Approx`'s value before it is rejected.
_By default set to `std::numeric_limits<float>::epsilon()*100`._
* __margin__ - margin serves to set the the absolute value by which
a result can differ from `Approx`'s value before it is rejected.
_By default set to `0.0`._
* __scale__ - scale is used to change the magnitude of `Approx` for relative check.
_By default set to `0.0`._
#### epsilon example
```cpp
Approx target = Approx(100).epsilon(0.01);
100.0 == target; // Obviously true
200.0 == target; // Obviously still false
100.5 == target; // True, because we set target to allow up to 1% difference
```
#### margin example
```cpp
Approx target = Approx(100).margin(5);
100.0 == target; // Obviously true
200.0 == target; // Obviously still false
104.0 == target; // True, because we set target to allow absolute difference of at most 5
```
#### scale
Scale can be useful if the computation leading to the result worked
on different scale than is used by the results. Since allowed difference
between Approx's value and compared value is based primarily on Approx's value
(the allowed difference is computed as
`(Approx::scale + Approx::value) * epsilon`), the resulting comparison could
need rescaling to be correct.
## Exceptions
* **REQUIRE_NOTHROW(** _expression_ **)** and
* **CHECK_NOTHROW(** _expression_ **)**
Expects that no exception is thrown during evaluation of the expression.
* **REQUIRE_THROWS(** _expression_ **)** and
* **CHECK_THROWS(** _expression_ **)**
Expects that an exception (of any type) is be thrown during evaluation of the expression.
* **REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(** _expression_, _exception type_ **)** and
* **CHECK_THROWS_AS(** _expression_, _exception type_ **)**
Expects that an exception of the _specified type_ is thrown during evaluation of the expression. Note that the _exception type_ is extended with `const&` and you should not include it yourself.
* **REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(** _expression_, _string or string matcher_ **)** and
* **CHECK_THROWS_WITH(** _expression_, _string or string matcher_ **)**
Expects that an exception is thrown that, when converted to a string, matches the _string_ or _string matcher_ provided (see next section for Matchers).
e.g.
```cpp
REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH( openThePodBayDoors(), Contains( "afraid" ) && Contains( "can't do that" ) );
REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH( dismantleHal(), "My mind is going" );
```
* **REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES(** _expression_, _exception type_, _matcher for given exception type_ **)** and
* **CHECK_THROWS_MATCHES(** _expression_, _exception type_, _matcher for given exception type_ **)**
Expects that exception of _exception type_ is thrown and it matches provided matcher (see the [documentation for Matchers](matchers.md#top)).
_Please note that the `THROW` family of assertions expects to be passed a single expression, not a statement or series of statements. If you want to check a more complicated sequence of operations, you can use a C++11 lambda function._
```cpp
REQUIRE_NOTHROW([&](){
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
auto k = i + j;
if (k == 3) {
throw 1;
}
}());
```
## Matcher expressions
To support Matchers a slightly different form is used. Matchers have [their own documentation](matchers.md#top).
* **REQUIRE_THAT(** _lhs_, _matcher expression_ **)** and
* **CHECK_THAT(** _lhs_, _matcher expression_ **)**
Matchers can be composed using `&&`, `||` and `!` operators.
## Thread Safety
Currently assertions in Catch are not thread safe.
For more details, along with workarounds, see the section on [the limitations page](limitations.md#thread-safe-assertions).
## Expressions with commas
Because the preprocessor parses code using different rules than the
compiler, multiple-argument assertions (e.g. `REQUIRE_THROWS_AS`) have
problems with commas inside the provided expressions. As an example
`REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(std::pair<int, int>(1, 2), std::invalid_argument);`
will fail to compile, because the preprocessor sees 3 arguments provided,
but the macro accepts only 2. There are two possible workarounds.
1) Use typedef:
```cpp
using int_pair = std::pair<int, int>;
REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(int_pair(1, 2), std::invalid_argument);
```
This solution is always applicable, but makes the meaning of the code
less clear.
2) Parenthesize the expression:
```cpp
TEST_CASE_METHOD((Fixture<int, int>), "foo", "[bar]") {
SUCCEED();
}
```
This solution is not always applicable, because it might require extra
changes on the Catch's side to work.
---
[Home](Readme.md#top)

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# Authoring benchmarks
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1616) in Catch 2.9.0.
_Note that benchmarking support is disabled by default and to enable it,
you need to define `CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING`. For more details,
see the [compile-time configuration documentation](configuration.md#top)._
Writing benchmarks is not easy. Catch simplifies certain aspects but you'll
always need to take care about various aspects. Understanding a few things about
the way Catch runs your code will be very helpful when writing your benchmarks.
First off, let's go over some terminology that will be used throughout this
guide.
- *User code*: user code is the code that the user provides to be measured.
- *Run*: one run is one execution of the user code.
- *Sample*: one sample is one data point obtained by measuring the time it takes
to perform a certain number of runs. One sample can consist of more than one
run if the clock available does not have enough resolution to accurately
measure a single run. All samples for a given benchmark execution are obtained
with the same number of runs.
## Execution procedure
Now I can explain how a benchmark is executed in Catch. There are three main
steps, though the first does not need to be repeated for every benchmark.
1. *Environmental probe*: before any benchmarks can be executed, the clock's
resolution is estimated. A few other environmental artifacts are also estimated
at this point, like the cost of calling the clock function, but they almost
never have any impact in the results.
2. *Estimation*: the user code is executed a few times to obtain an estimate of
the amount of runs that should be in each sample. This also has the potential
effect of bringing relevant code and data into the caches before the actual
measurement starts.
3. *Measurement*: all the samples are collected sequentially by performing the
number of runs estimated in the previous step for each sample.
This already gives us one important rule for writing benchmarks for Catch: the
benchmarks must be repeatable. The user code will be executed several times, and
the number of times it will be executed during the estimation step cannot be
known beforehand since it depends on the time it takes to execute the code.
User code that cannot be executed repeatedly will lead to bogus results or
crashes.
## Benchmark specification
Benchmarks can be specified anywhere inside a Catch test case.
There is a simple and a slightly more advanced version of the `BENCHMARK` macro.
Let's have a look how a naive Fibonacci implementation could be benchmarked:
```c++
std::uint64_t Fibonacci(std::uint64_t number) {
return number < 2 ? 1 : Fibonacci(number - 1) + Fibonacci(number - 2);
}
```
Now the most straight forward way to benchmark this function, is just adding a `BENCHMARK` macro to our test case:
```c++
TEST_CASE("Fibonacci") {
CHECK(Fibonacci(0) == 1);
// some more asserts..
CHECK(Fibonacci(5) == 8);
// some more asserts..
// now let's benchmark:
BENCHMARK("Fibonacci 20") {
return Fibonacci(20);
};
BENCHMARK("Fibonacci 25") {
return Fibonacci(25);
};
BENCHMARK("Fibonacci 30") {
return Fibonacci(30);
};
BENCHMARK("Fibonacci 35") {
return Fibonacci(35);
};
}
```
There's a few things to note:
- As `BENCHMARK` expands to a lambda expression it is necessary to add a semicolon after
the closing brace (as opposed to the first experimental version).
- The `return` is a handy way to avoid the compiler optimizing away the benchmark code.
Running this already runs the benchmarks and outputs something similar to:
```
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fibonacci
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C:\path\to\Catch2\Benchmark.tests.cpp(10)
...............................................................................
benchmark name samples iterations estimated
mean low mean high mean
std dev low std dev high std dev
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fibonacci 20 100 416439 83.2878 ms
2 ns 2 ns 2 ns
0 ns 0 ns 0 ns
Fibonacci 25 100 400776 80.1552 ms
3 ns 3 ns 3 ns
0 ns 0 ns 0 ns
Fibonacci 30 100 396873 79.3746 ms
17 ns 17 ns 17 ns
0 ns 0 ns 0 ns
Fibonacci 35 100 145169 87.1014 ms
468 ns 464 ns 473 ns
21 ns 15 ns 34 ns
```
### Advanced benchmarking
The simplest use case shown above, takes no arguments and just runs the user code that needs to be measured.
However, if using the `BENCHMARK_ADVANCED` macro and adding a `Catch::Benchmark::Chronometer` argument after
the macro, some advanced features are available. The contents of the simple benchmarks are invoked once per run,
while the blocks of the advanced benchmarks are invoked exactly twice:
once during the estimation phase, and another time during the execution phase.
```c++
BENCHMARK("simple"){ return long_computation(); };
BENCHMARK_ADVANCED("advanced")(Catch::Benchmark::Chronometer meter) {
set_up();
meter.measure([] { return long_computation(); });
};
```
These advanced benchmarks no longer consist entirely of user code to be measured.
In these cases, the code to be measured is provided via the
`Catch::Benchmark::Chronometer::measure` member function. This allows you to set up any
kind of state that might be required for the benchmark but is not to be included
in the measurements, like making a vector of random integers to feed to a
sorting algorithm.
A single call to `Catch::Benchmark::Chronometer::measure` performs the actual measurements
by invoking the callable object passed in as many times as necessary. Anything
that needs to be done outside the measurement can be done outside the call to
`measure`.
The callable object passed in to `measure` can optionally accept an `int`
parameter.
```c++
meter.measure([](int i) { return long_computation(i); });
```
If it accepts an `int` parameter, the sequence number of each run will be passed
in, starting with 0. This is useful if you want to measure some mutating code,
for example. The number of runs can be known beforehand by calling
`Catch::Benchmark::Chronometer::runs`; with this one can set up a different instance to be
mutated by each run.
```c++
std::vector<std::string> v(meter.runs());
std::fill(v.begin(), v.end(), test_string());
meter.measure([&v](int i) { in_place_escape(v[i]); });
```
Note that it is not possible to simply use the same instance for different runs
and resetting it between each run since that would pollute the measurements with
the resetting code.
It is also possible to just provide an argument name to the simple `BENCHMARK` macro to get
the same semantics as providing a callable to `meter.measure` with `int` argument:
```c++
BENCHMARK("indexed", i){ return long_computation(i); };
```
### Constructors and destructors
All of these tools give you a lot mileage, but there are two things that still
need special handling: constructors and destructors. The problem is that if you
use automatic objects they get destroyed by the end of the scope, so you end up
measuring the time for construction and destruction together. And if you use
dynamic allocation instead, you end up including the time to allocate memory in
the measurements.
To solve this conundrum, Catch provides class templates that let you manually
construct and destroy objects without dynamic allocation and in a way that lets
you measure construction and destruction separately.
```c++
BENCHMARK_ADVANCED("construct")(Catch::Benchmark::Chronometer meter) {
std::vector<Catch::Benchmark::storage_for<std::string>> storage(meter.runs());
meter.measure([&](int i) { storage[i].construct("thing"); });
};
BENCHMARK_ADVANCED("destroy")(Catch::Benchmark::Chronometer meter) {
std::vector<Catch::Benchmark::destructable_object<std::string>> storage(meter.runs());
for(auto&& o : storage)
o.construct("thing");
meter.measure([&](int i) { storage[i].destruct(); });
};
```
`Catch::Benchmark::storage_for<T>` objects are just pieces of raw storage suitable for `T`
objects. You can use the `Catch::Benchmark::storage_for::construct` member function to call a constructor and
create an object in that storage. So if you want to measure the time it takes
for a certain constructor to run, you can just measure the time it takes to run
this function.
When the lifetime of a `Catch::Benchmark::storage_for<T>` object ends, if an actual object was
constructed there it will be automatically destroyed, so nothing leaks.
If you want to measure a destructor, though, we need to use
`Catch::Benchmark::destructable_object<T>`. These objects are similar to
`Catch::Benchmark::storage_for<T>` in that construction of the `T` object is manual, but
it does not destroy anything automatically. Instead, you are required to call
the `Catch::Benchmark::destructable_object::destruct` member function, which is what you
can use to measure the destruction time.
### The optimizer
Sometimes the optimizer will optimize away the very code that you want to
measure. There are several ways to use results that will prevent the optimiser
from removing them. You can use the `volatile` keyword, or you can output the
value to standard output or to a file, both of which force the program to
actually generate the value somehow.
Catch adds a third option. The values returned by any function provided as user
code are guaranteed to be evaluated and not optimised out. This means that if
your user code consists of computing a certain value, you don't need to bother
with using `volatile` or forcing output. Just `return` it from the function.
That helps with keeping the code in a natural fashion.
Here's an example:
```c++
// may measure nothing at all by skipping the long calculation since its
// result is not used
BENCHMARK("no return"){ long_calculation(); };
// the result of long_calculation() is guaranteed to be computed somehow
BENCHMARK("with return"){ return long_calculation(); };
```
However, there's no other form of control over the optimizer whatsoever. It is
up to you to write a benchmark that actually measures what you want and doesn't
just measure the time to do a whole bunch of nothing.
To sum up, there are two simple rules: whatever you would do in handwritten code
to control optimization still works in Catch; and Catch makes return values
from user code into observable effects that can't be optimized away.
<i>Adapted from nonius' documentation.</i>

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# CI and other odd pieces
**Contents**<br>
[Continuous Integration systems](#continuous-integration-systems)<br>
[Other reporters](#other-reporters)<br>
[Low-level tools](#low-level-tools)<br>
[CMake](#cmake)<br>
This page talks about how Catch integrates with Continuous Integration
Build Systems may refer to low-level tools, like CMake, or larger systems that run on servers, like Jenkins or TeamCity. This page will talk about both.
## Continuous Integration systems
Probably the most important aspect to using Catch with a build server is the use of different reporters. Catch comes bundled with three reporters that should cover the majority of build servers out there - although adding more for better integration with some is always a possibility (currently we also offer TeamCity, TAP, Automake and SonarQube reporters).
Two of these reporters are built in (XML and JUnit) and the third (TeamCity) is included as a separate header. It's possible that the other two may be split out in the future too - as that would make the core of Catch smaller for those that don't need them.
### XML Reporter
```-r xml```
The XML Reporter writes in an XML format that is specific to Catch.
The advantage of this format is that it corresponds well to the way Catch works (especially the more unusual features, such as nested sections) and is a fully streaming format - that is it writes output as it goes, without having to store up all its results before it can start writing.
The disadvantage is that, being specific to Catch, no existing build servers understand the format natively. It can be used as input to an XSLT transformation that could convert it to, say, HTML - although this loses the streaming advantage, of course.
### JUnit Reporter
```-r junit```
The JUnit Reporter writes in an XML format that mimics the JUnit ANT schema.
The advantage of this format is that the JUnit Ant schema is widely understood by most build servers and so can usually be consumed with no additional work.
The disadvantage is that this schema was designed to correspond to how JUnit works - and there is a significant mismatch with how Catch works. Additionally the format is not streamable (because opening elements hold counts of failed and passing tests as attributes) - so the whole test run must complete before it can be written.
## Other reporters
Other reporters are not part of the single-header distribution and need
to be downloaded and included separately. All reporters are stored in
`single_include` directory in the git repository, and are named
`catch_reporter_*.hpp`. For example, to use the TeamCity reporter you
need to download `single_include/catch_reporter_teamcity.hpp` and include
it after Catch itself.
```cpp
#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
#include "catch.hpp"
#include "catch_reporter_teamcity.hpp"
```
### TeamCity Reporter
```-r teamcity```
The TeamCity Reporter writes TeamCity service messages to stdout. In order to be able to use this reporter an additional header must also be included.
Being specific to TeamCity this is the best reporter to use with it - but it is completely unsuitable for any other purpose. It is a streaming format (it writes as it goes) - although test results don't appear in the TeamCity interface until the completion of a suite (usually the whole test run).
### Automake Reporter
```-r automake```
The Automake Reporter writes out the [meta tags](https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/manual/html_node/Log-files-generation-and-test-results-recording.html#Log-files-generation-and-test-results-recording) expected by automake via `make check`.
### TAP (Test Anything Protocol) Reporter
```-r tap```
Because of the incremental nature of Catch's test suites and ability to run specific tests, our implementation of TAP reporter writes out the number of tests in a suite last.
### SonarQube Reporter
```-r sonarqube```
[SonarQube Generic Test Data](https://docs.sonarqube.org/latest/analysis/generic-test/) XML format for tests metrics.
## Low-level tools
### Precompiled headers (PCHs)
Catch offers prototypal support for being included in precompiled headers, but because of its single-header nature it does need some actions by the user:
* The precompiled header needs to define `CATCH_CONFIG_ALL_PARTS`
* The implementation file needs to
* undefine `TWOBLUECUBES_SINGLE_INCLUDE_CATCH_HPP_INCLUDED`
* define `CATCH_CONFIG_IMPL_ONLY`
* define `CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN` or `CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER`
* include "catch.hpp" again
### CodeCoverage module (GCOV, LCOV...)
If you are using GCOV tool to get testing coverage of your code, and are not sure how to integrate it with CMake and Catch, there should be an external example over at https://github.com/fkromer/catch_cmake_coverage
### pkg-config
Catch2 provides a rudimentary pkg-config integration, by registering itself
under the name `catch2`. This means that after Catch2 is installed, you
can use `pkg-config` to get its include path: `pkg-config --cflags catch2`.
### gdb and lldb scripts
Catch2's `contrib` folder also contains two simple debugger scripts,
`gdbinit` for `gdb` and `lldbinit` for `lldb`. If loaded into their
respective debugger, these will tell it to step over Catch2's internals
when stepping through code.
## CMake
[As it has been getting kinda long, the documentation of Catch2's
integration with CMake has been moved to its own page.](cmake-integration.md#top)
---
[Home](Readme.md#top)

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# CMake integration
**Contents**<br>
[CMake target](#cmake-target)<br>
[Automatic test registration](#automatic-test-registration)<br>
[CMake project options](#cmake-project-options)<br>
[Installing Catch2 from git repository](#installing-catch2-from-git-repository)<br>
[Installing Catch2 from vcpkg](#installing-catch2-from-vcpkg)<br>
Because we use CMake to build Catch2, we also provide a couple of
integration points for our users.
1) Catch2 exports a (namespaced) CMake target
2) Catch2's repository contains CMake scripts for automatic registration
of `TEST_CASE`s in CTest
## CMake target
Catch2's CMake build exports an interface target `Catch2::Catch2`. Linking
against it will add the proper include path and all necessary capabilities
to the resulting binary.
This means that if Catch2 has been installed on the system, it should be
enough to do:
```cmake
find_package(Catch2 REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(tests Catch2::Catch2)
```
This target is also provided when Catch2 is used as a subdirectory.
Assuming that Catch2 has been cloned to `lib/Catch2`:
```cmake
add_subdirectory(lib/Catch2)
target_link_libraries(tests Catch2::Catch2)
```
Another possibility is to use [FetchContent](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/module/FetchContent.html):
```cmake
Include(FetchContent)
FetchContent_Declare(
Catch2
GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2.git
GIT_TAG v2.13.1)
FetchContent_MakeAvailable(Catch2)
target_link_libraries(tests Catch2::Catch2)
```
## Automatic test registration
Catch2's repository also contains two CMake scripts that help users
with automatically registering their `TEST_CASE`s with CTest. They
can be found in the `contrib` folder, and are
1) `Catch.cmake` (and its dependency `CatchAddTests.cmake`)
2) `ParseAndAddCatchTests.cmake` (deprecated)
If Catch2 has been installed in system, both of these can be used after
doing `find_package(Catch2 REQUIRED)`. Otherwise you need to add them
to your CMake module path.
### `Catch.cmake` and `CatchAddTests.cmake`
`Catch.cmake` provides function `catch_discover_tests` to get tests from
a target. This function works by running the resulting executable with
`--list-test-names-only` flag, and then parsing the output to find all
existing tests.
#### Usage
```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
project(baz LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 0.0.1)
find_package(Catch2 REQUIRED)
add_executable(foo test.cpp)
target_link_libraries(foo Catch2::Catch2)
include(CTest)
include(Catch)
catch_discover_tests(foo)
```
#### Customization
`catch_discover_tests` can be given several extra argumets:
```cmake
catch_discover_tests(target
[TEST_SPEC arg1...]
[EXTRA_ARGS arg1...]
[WORKING_DIRECTORY dir]
[TEST_PREFIX prefix]
[TEST_SUFFIX suffix]
[PROPERTIES name1 value1...]
[TEST_LIST var]
[REPORTER reporter]
[OUTPUT_DIR dir]
[OUTPUT_PREFIX prefix]
[OUTPUT_SUFFIX suffix]
)
```
* `TEST_SPEC arg1...`
Specifies test cases, wildcarded test cases, tags and tag expressions to
pass to the Catch executable alongside the `--list-test-names-only` flag.
* `EXTRA_ARGS arg1...`
Any extra arguments to pass on the command line to each test case.
* `WORKING_DIRECTORY dir`
Specifies the directory in which to run the discovered test cases. If this
option is not provided, the current binary directory is used.
* `TEST_PREFIX prefix`
Specifies a _prefix_ to be added to the name of each discovered test case.
This can be useful when the same test executable is being used in multiple
calls to `catch_discover_tests()`, with different `TEST_SPEC` or `EXTRA_ARGS`.
* `TEST_SUFFIX suffix`
Same as `TEST_PREFIX`, except it specific the _suffix_ for the test names.
Both `TEST_PREFIX` and `TEST_SUFFIX` can be specified at the same time.
* `PROPERTIES name1 value1...`
Specifies additional properties to be set on all tests discovered by this
invocation of `catch_discover_tests`.
* `TEST_LIST var`
Make the list of tests available in the variable `var`, rather than the
default `<target>_TESTS`. This can be useful when the same test
executable is being used in multiple calls to `catch_discover_tests()`.
Note that this variable is only available in CTest.
* `REPORTER reporter`
Use the specified reporter when running the test case. The reporter will
be passed to the test runner as `--reporter reporter`.
* `OUTPUT_DIR dir`
If specified, the parameter is passed along as
`--out dir/<test_name>` to test executable. The actual file name is the
same as the test name. This should be used instead of
`EXTRA_ARGS --out foo` to avoid race conditions writing the result output
when using parallel test execution.
* `OUTPUT_PREFIX prefix`
May be used in conjunction with `OUTPUT_DIR`.
If specified, `prefix` is added to each output file name, like so
`--out dir/prefix<test_name>`.
* `OUTPUT_SUFFIX suffix`
May be used in conjunction with `OUTPUT_DIR`.
If specified, `suffix` is added to each output file name, like so
`--out dir/<test_name>suffix`. This can be used to add a file extension to
the output file name e.g. ".xml".
### `ParseAndAddCatchTests.cmake`
⚠ This script is [deprecated](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/pull/2120)
in Catch 2.13.4 and superseded by the above approach using `catch_discover_tests`.
See [#2092](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/2092) for details.
`ParseAndAddCatchTests` works by parsing all implementation files
associated with the provided target, and registering them via CTest's
`add_test`. This approach has some limitations, such as the fact that
commented-out tests will be registered anyway. More serious, only a
subset of the assertion macros currently available in Catch can be
detected by this script and tests with any macros that cannot be
parsed are *silently ignored*.
#### Usage
```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
project(baz LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 0.0.1)
find_package(Catch2 REQUIRED)
add_executable(foo test.cpp)
target_link_libraries(foo Catch2::Catch2)
include(CTest)
include(ParseAndAddCatchTests)
ParseAndAddCatchTests(foo)
```
#### Customization
`ParseAndAddCatchTests` provides some customization points:
* `PARSE_CATCH_TESTS_VERBOSE` -- When `ON`, the script prints debug
messages. Defaults to `OFF`.
* `PARSE_CATCH_TESTS_NO_HIDDEN_TESTS` -- When `ON`, hidden tests (tests
tagged with any of `[!hide]`, `[.]` or `[.foo]`) will not be registered.
Defaults to `OFF`.
* `PARSE_CATCH_TESTS_ADD_FIXTURE_IN_TEST_NAME` -- When `ON`, adds fixture
class name to the test name in CTest. Defaults to `ON`.
* `PARSE_CATCH_TESTS_ADD_TARGET_IN_TEST_NAME` -- When `ON`, adds target
name to the test name in CTest. Defaults to `ON`.
* `PARSE_CATCH_TESTS_ADD_TO_CONFIGURE_DEPENDS` -- When `ON`, adds test
file to `CMAKE_CONFIGURE_DEPENDS`. This means that the CMake configuration
step will be re-ran when the test files change, letting new tests be
automatically discovered. Defaults to `OFF`.
Optionally, one can specify a launching command to run tests by setting the
variable `OptionalCatchTestLauncher` before calling `ParseAndAddCatchTests`. For
instance to run some tests using `MPI` and other sequentially, one can write
```cmake
set(OptionalCatchTestLauncher ${MPIEXEC} ${MPIEXEC_NUMPROC_FLAG} ${NUMPROC})
ParseAndAddCatchTests(mpi_foo)
unset(OptionalCatchTestLauncher)
ParseAndAddCatchTests(bar)
```
## CMake project options
Catch2's CMake project also provides some options for other projects
that consume it. These are
* `CATCH_BUILD_TESTING` -- When `ON`, Catch2's SelfTest project will be
built. Defaults to `ON`. Note that Catch2 also obeys `BUILD_TESTING` CMake
variable, so _both_ of them need to be `ON` for the SelfTest to be built,
and either of them can be set to `OFF` to disable building SelfTest.
* `CATCH_BUILD_EXAMPLES` -- When `ON`, Catch2's usage examples will be
built. Defaults to `OFF`.
* `CATCH_INSTALL_DOCS` -- When `ON`, Catch2's documentation will be
included in the installation. Defaults to `ON`.
* `CATCH_INSTALL_HELPERS` -- When `ON`, Catch2's contrib folder will be
included in the installation. Defaults to `ON`.
* `BUILD_TESTING` -- When `ON` and the project is not used as a subproject,
Catch2's test binary will be built. Defaults to `ON`.
## Installing Catch2 from git repository
If you cannot install Catch2 from a package manager (e.g. Ubuntu 16.04
provides catch only in version 1.2.0) you might want to install it from
the repository instead. Assuming you have enough rights, you can just
install it to the default location, like so:
```
$ git clone https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2.git
$ cd Catch2
$ cmake -Bbuild -H. -DBUILD_TESTING=OFF
$ sudo cmake --build build/ --target install
```
If you do not have superuser rights, you will also need to specify
[CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/variable/CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX.html)
when configuring the build, and then modify your calls to
[find_package](https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/command/find_package.html)
accordingly.
## Installing Catch2 from vcpkg
Alternatively, you can build and install Catch2 using [vcpkg](https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg/) dependency manager:
```
git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git
cd vcpkg
./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
./vcpkg integrate install
./vcpkg install catch2
```
The catch2 port in vcpkg is kept up to date by microsoft team members and community contributors.
If the version is out of date, please [create an issue or pull request](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg) on the vcpkg repository.
---
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<a id="top"></a>
# Command line
**Contents**<br>
[Specifying which tests to run](#specifying-which-tests-to-run)<br>
[Choosing a reporter to use](#choosing-a-reporter-to-use)<br>
[Breaking into the debugger](#breaking-into-the-debugger)<br>
[Showing results for successful tests](#showing-results-for-successful-tests)<br>
[Aborting after a certain number of failures](#aborting-after-a-certain-number-of-failures)<br>
[Listing available tests, tags or reporters](#listing-available-tests-tags-or-reporters)<br>
[Sending output to a file](#sending-output-to-a-file)<br>
[Naming a test run](#naming-a-test-run)<br>
[Eliding assertions expected to throw](#eliding-assertions-expected-to-throw)<br>
[Make whitespace visible](#make-whitespace-visible)<br>
[Warnings](#warnings)<br>
[Reporting timings](#reporting-timings)<br>
[Load test names to run from a file](#load-test-names-to-run-from-a-file)<br>
[Just test names](#just-test-names)<br>
[Specify the order test cases are run](#specify-the-order-test-cases-are-run)<br>
[Specify a seed for the Random Number Generator](#specify-a-seed-for-the-random-number-generator)<br>
[Identify framework and version according to the libIdentify standard](#identify-framework-and-version-according-to-the-libidentify-standard)<br>
[Wait for key before continuing](#wait-for-key-before-continuing)<br>
[Specify the number of benchmark samples to collect](#specify-the-number-of-benchmark-samples-to-collect)<br>
[Specify the number of resamples for bootstrapping](#specify-the-number-of-resamples-for-bootstrapping)<br>
[Specify the confidence-interval for bootstrapping](#specify-the-confidence-interval-for-bootstrapping)<br>
[Disable statistical analysis of collected benchmark samples](#disable-statistical-analysis-of-collected-benchmark-samples)<br>
[Specify the amount of time in milliseconds spent on warming up each test](#specify-the-amount-of-time-in-milliseconds-spent-on-warming-up-each-test)<br>
[Usage](#usage)<br>
[Specify the section to run](#specify-the-section-to-run)<br>
[Filenames as tags](#filenames-as-tags)<br>
[Override output colouring](#override-output-colouring)<br>
Catch works quite nicely without any command line options at all - but for those times when you want greater control the following options are available.
Click one of the following links to take you straight to that option - or scroll on to browse the available options.
<a href="#specifying-which-tests-to-run"> ` <test-spec> ...`</a><br />
<a href="#usage"> ` -h, -?, --help`</a><br />
<a href="#listing-available-tests-tags-or-reporters"> ` -l, --list-tests`</a><br />
<a href="#listing-available-tests-tags-or-reporters"> ` -t, --list-tags`</a><br />
<a href="#showing-results-for-successful-tests"> ` -s, --success`</a><br />
<a href="#breaking-into-the-debugger"> ` -b, --break`</a><br />
<a href="#eliding-assertions-expected-to-throw"> ` -e, --nothrow`</a><br />
<a href="#invisibles"> ` -i, --invisibles`</a><br />
<a href="#sending-output-to-a-file"> ` -o, --out`</a><br />
<a href="#choosing-a-reporter-to-use"> ` -r, --reporter`</a><br />
<a href="#naming-a-test-run"> ` -n, --name`</a><br />
<a href="#aborting-after-a-certain-number-of-failures"> ` -a, --abort`</a><br />
<a href="#aborting-after-a-certain-number-of-failures"> ` -x, --abortx`</a><br />
<a href="#warnings"> ` -w, --warn`</a><br />
<a href="#reporting-timings"> ` -d, --durations`</a><br />
<a href="#input-file"> ` -f, --input-file`</a><br />
<a href="#run-section"> ` -c, --section`</a><br />
<a href="#filenames-as-tags"> ` -#, --filenames-as-tags`</a><br />
</br>
<a href="#list-test-names-only"> ` --list-test-names-only`</a><br />
<a href="#listing-available-tests-tags-or-reporters"> ` --list-reporters`</a><br />
<a href="#order"> ` --order`</a><br />
<a href="#rng-seed"> ` --rng-seed`</a><br />
<a href="#libidentify"> ` --libidentify`</a><br />
<a href="#wait-for-keypress"> ` --wait-for-keypress`</a><br />
<a href="#benchmark-samples"> ` --benchmark-samples`</a><br />
<a href="#benchmark-resamples"> ` --benchmark-resamples`</a><br />
<a href="#benchmark-confidence-interval"> ` --benchmark-confidence-interval`</a><br />
<a href="#benchmark-no-analysis"> ` --benchmark-no-analysis`</a><br />
<a href="#benchmark-warmup-time"> ` --benchmark-warmup-time`</a><br />
<a href="#use-colour"> ` --use-colour`</a><br />
</br>
<a id="specifying-which-tests-to-run"></a>
## Specifying which tests to run
<pre>&lt;test-spec> ...</pre>
Test cases, wildcarded test cases, tags and tag expressions are all passed directly as arguments. Tags are distinguished by being enclosed in square brackets.
If no test specs are supplied then all test cases, except "hidden" tests, are run.
A test is hidden by giving it any tag starting with (or just) a period (```.```) - or, in the deprecated case, tagged ```[hide]``` or given name starting with `'./'`. To specify hidden tests from the command line ```[.]``` or ```[hide]``` can be used *regardless of how they were declared*.
Specs must be enclosed in quotes if they contain spaces. If they do not contain spaces the quotes are optional.
Wildcards consist of the `*` character at the beginning and/or end of test case names and can substitute for any number of any characters (including none).
Test specs are case insensitive.
If a spec is prefixed with `exclude:` or the `~` character then the pattern matches an exclusion. This means that tests matching the pattern are excluded from the set - even if a prior inclusion spec included them. Subsequent inclusion specs will take precedence, however.
Inclusions and exclusions are evaluated in left-to-right order.
Test case examples:
<pre>thisTestOnly Matches the test case called, 'thisTestOnly'
"this test only" Matches the test case called, 'this test only'
these* Matches all cases starting with 'these'
exclude:notThis Matches all tests except, 'notThis'
~notThis Matches all tests except, 'notThis'
~*private* Matches all tests except those that contain 'private'
a* ~ab* abc Matches all tests that start with 'a', except those that
start with 'ab', except 'abc', which is included
-# [#somefile] Matches all tests from the file 'somefile.cpp'
</pre>
Names within square brackets are interpreted as tags.
A series of tags form an AND expression whereas a comma-separated sequence forms an OR expression. e.g.:
<pre>[one][two],[three]</pre>
This matches all tests tagged `[one]` and `[two]`, as well as all tests tagged `[three]`
Test names containing special characters, such as `,` or `[` can specify them on the command line using `\`.
`\` also escapes itself.
<a id="choosing-a-reporter-to-use"></a>
## Choosing a reporter to use
<pre>-r, --reporter &lt;reporter></pre>
A reporter is an object that formats and structures the output of running tests, and potentially summarises the results. By default a console reporter is used that writes, IDE friendly, textual output. Catch comes bundled with some alternative reporters, but more can be added in client code.<br />
The bundled reporters are:
<pre>-r console
-r compact
-r xml
-r junit
</pre>
The JUnit reporter is an xml format that follows the structure of the JUnit XML Report ANT task, as consumed by a number of third-party tools, including Continuous Integration servers such as Hudson. If not otherwise needed, the standard XML reporter is preferred as this is a streaming reporter, whereas the Junit reporter needs to hold all its results until the end so it can write the overall results into attributes of the root node.
<a id="breaking-into-the-debugger"></a>
## Breaking into the debugger
<pre>-b, --break</pre>
Under most debuggers Catch2 is capable of automatically breaking on a test
failure. This allows the user to see the current state of the test during
failure.
<a id="showing-results-for-successful-tests"></a>
## Showing results for successful tests
<pre>-s, --success</pre>
Usually you only want to see reporting for failed tests. Sometimes it's useful to see *all* the output (especially when you don't trust that that test you just added worked first time!).
To see successful, as well as failing, test results just pass this option. Note that each reporter may treat this option differently. The Junit reporter, for example, logs all results regardless.
<a id="aborting-after-a-certain-number-of-failures"></a>
## Aborting after a certain number of failures
<pre>-a, --abort
-x, --abortx [&lt;failure threshold>]
</pre>
If a ```REQUIRE``` assertion fails the test case aborts, but subsequent test cases are still run.
If a ```CHECK``` assertion fails even the current test case is not aborted.
Sometimes this results in a flood of failure messages and you'd rather just see the first few. Specifying ```-a``` or ```--abort``` on its own will abort the whole test run on the first failed assertion of any kind. Use ```-x``` or ```--abortx``` followed by a number to abort after that number of assertion failures.
<a id="listing-available-tests-tags-or-reporters"></a>
## Listing available tests, tags or reporters
<pre>-l, --list-tests
-t, --list-tags
--list-reporters
</pre>
```-l``` or ```--list-tests``` will list all registered tests, along with any tags.
If one or more test-specs have been supplied too then only the matching tests will be listed.
```-t``` or ```--list-tags``` lists all available tags, along with the number of test cases they match. Again, supplying test specs limits the tags that match.
```--list-reporters``` lists the available reporters.
<a id="sending-output-to-a-file"></a>
## Sending output to a file
<pre>-o, --out &lt;filename>
</pre>
Use this option to send all output to a file. By default output is sent to stdout (note that uses of stdout and stderr *from within test cases* are redirected and included in the report - so even stderr will effectively end up on stdout).
<a id="naming-a-test-run"></a>
## Naming a test run
<pre>-n, --name &lt;name for test run></pre>
If a name is supplied it will be used by the reporter to provide an overall name for the test run. This can be useful if you are sending to a file, for example, and need to distinguish different test runs - either from different Catch executables or runs of the same executable with different options. If not supplied the name is defaulted to the name of the executable.
<a id="eliding-assertions-expected-to-throw"></a>
## Eliding assertions expected to throw
<pre>-e, --nothrow</pre>
Skips all assertions that test that an exception is thrown, e.g. ```REQUIRE_THROWS```.
These can be a nuisance in certain debugging environments that may break when exceptions are thrown (while this is usually optional for handled exceptions, it can be useful to have enabled if you are trying to track down something unexpected).
Sometimes exceptions are expected outside of one of the assertions that tests for them (perhaps thrown and caught within the code-under-test). The whole test case can be skipped when using ```-e``` by marking it with the ```[!throws]``` tag.
When running with this option any throw checking assertions are skipped so as not to contribute additional noise. Be careful if this affects the behaviour of subsequent tests.
<a id="invisibles"></a>
## Make whitespace visible
<pre>-i, --invisibles</pre>
If a string comparison fails due to differences in whitespace - especially leading or trailing whitespace - it can be hard to see what's going on.
This option transforms tabs and newline characters into ```\t``` and ```\n``` respectively when printing.
<a id="warnings"></a>
## Warnings
<pre>-w, --warn &lt;warning name></pre>
Enables reporting of suspicious test states. There are currently two
available warnings
```
NoAssertions // Fail test case / leaf section if no assertions
// (e.g. `REQUIRE`) is encountered.
NoTests // Return non-zero exit code when no test cases were run
// Also calls reporter's noMatchingTestCases method
```
<a id="reporting-timings"></a>
## Reporting timings
<pre>-d, --durations &lt;yes/no></pre>
When set to ```yes``` Catch will report the duration of each test case, in milliseconds. Note that it does this regardless of whether a test case passes or fails. Note, also, the certain reporters (e.g. Junit) always report test case durations regardless of this option being set or not.
<pre>-D, --min-duration &lt;value></pre>
> `--min-duration` was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/pull/1910) in Catch 2.13.0
When set, Catch will report the duration of each test case that took more
than &lt;value> seconds, in milliseconds. This option is overriden by both
`-d yes` and `-d no`, so that either all durations are reported, or none
are.
<a id="input-file"></a>
## Load test names to run from a file
<pre>-f, --input-file &lt;filename></pre>
Provide the name of a file that contains a list of test case names - one per line. Blank lines are skipped and anything after the comment character, ```#```, is ignored.
A useful way to generate an initial instance of this file is to use the <a href="#list-test-names-only">list-test-names-only</a> option. This can then be manually curated to specify a specific subset of tests - or in a specific order.
<a id="list-test-names-only"></a>
## Just test names
<pre>--list-test-names-only</pre>
This option lists all available tests in a non-indented form, one on each line. This makes it ideal for saving to a file and feeding back into the <a href="#input-file">```-f``` or ```--input-file```</a> option.
<a id="order"></a>
## Specify the order test cases are run
<pre>--order &lt;decl|lex|rand&gt;</pre>
Test cases are ordered one of three ways:
### decl
Declaration order (this is the default order if no --order argument is provided).
Tests in the same TU are sorted using their declaration orders, different
TUs are in an implementation (linking) dependent order.
### lex
Lexicographic order. Tests are sorted by their name, their tags are ignored.
### rand
Randomly sorted. The order is dependent on Catch2's random seed (see
[`--rng-seed`](#rng-seed)), and is subset invariant. What this means
is that as long as the random seed is fixed, running only some tests
(e.g. via tag) does not change their relative order.
> The subset stability was introduced in Catch2 v2.12.0
<a id="rng-seed"></a>
## Specify a seed for the Random Number Generator
<pre>--rng-seed &lt;'time'|number&gt;</pre>
Sets a seed for the random number generator using ```std::srand()```.
If a number is provided this is used directly as the seed so the random pattern is repeatable.
Alternatively if the keyword ```time``` is provided then the result of calling ```std::time(0)``` is used and so the pattern becomes unpredictable. In some cases, you might need to pass the keyword ```time``` in double quotes instead of single quotes.
In either case the actual value for the seed is printed as part of Catch's output so if an issue is discovered that is sensitive to test ordering the ordering can be reproduced - even if it was originally seeded from ```std::time(0)```.
<a id="libidentify"></a>
## Identify framework and version according to the libIdentify standard
<pre>--libidentify</pre>
See [The LibIdentify repo for more information and examples](https://github.com/janwilmans/LibIdentify).
<a id="wait-for-keypress"></a>
## Wait for key before continuing
<pre>--wait-for-keypress &lt;never|start|exit|both&gt;</pre>
Will cause the executable to print a message and wait until the return/ enter key is pressed before continuing -
either before running any tests, after running all tests - or both, depending on the argument.
<a id="benchmark-samples"></a>
## Specify the number of benchmark samples to collect
<pre>--benchmark-samples &lt;# of samples&gt;</pre>
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1616) in Catch 2.9.0.
When running benchmarks a number of "samples" is collected. This is the base data for later statistical analysis.
Per sample a clock resolution dependent number of iterations of the user code is run, which is independent of the number of samples. Defaults to 100.
<a id="benchmark-resamples"></a>
## Specify the number of resamples for bootstrapping
<pre>--benchmark-resamples &lt;# of resamples&gt;</pre>
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1616) in Catch 2.9.0.
After the measurements are performed, statistical [bootstrapping] is performed
on the samples. The number of resamples for that bootstrapping is configurable
but defaults to 100000. Due to the bootstrapping it is possible to give
estimates for the mean and standard deviation. The estimates come with a lower
bound and an upper bound, and the confidence interval (which is configurable but
defaults to 95%).
[bootstrapping]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_%28statistics%29
<a id="benchmark-confidence-interval"></a>
## Specify the confidence-interval for bootstrapping
<pre>--benchmark-confidence-interval &lt;confidence-interval&gt;</pre>
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1616) in Catch 2.9.0.
The confidence-interval is used for statistical bootstrapping on the samples to
calculate the upper and lower bounds of mean and standard deviation.
Must be between 0 and 1 and defaults to 0.95.
<a id="benchmark-no-analysis"></a>
## Disable statistical analysis of collected benchmark samples
<pre>--benchmark-no-analysis</pre>
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1616) in Catch 2.9.0.
When this flag is specified no bootstrapping or any other statistical analysis is performed.
Instead the user code is only measured and the plain mean from the samples is reported.
<a id="benchmark-warmup-time"></a>
## Specify the amount of time in milliseconds spent on warming up each test
<pre>--benchmark-warmup-time</pre>
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/pull/1844) in Catch 2.11.2.
Configure the amount of time spent warming up each test.
<a id="usage"></a>
## Usage
<pre>-h, -?, --help</pre>
Prints the command line arguments to stdout
<a id="run-section"></a>
## Specify the section to run
<pre>-c, --section &lt;section name&gt;</pre>
To limit execution to a specific section within a test case, use this option one or more times.
To narrow to sub-sections use multiple instances, where each subsequent instance specifies a deeper nesting level.
E.g. if you have:
<pre>
TEST_CASE( "Test" ) {
SECTION( "sa" ) {
SECTION( "sb" ) {
/*...*/
}
SECTION( "sc" ) {
/*...*/
}
}
SECTION( "sd" ) {
/*...*/
}
}
</pre>
Then you can run `sb` with:
<pre>./MyExe Test -c sa -c sb</pre>
Or run just `sd` with:
<pre>./MyExe Test -c sd</pre>
To run all of `sa`, including `sb` and `sc` use:
<pre>./MyExe Test -c sa</pre>
There are some limitations of this feature to be aware of:
- Code outside of sections being skipped will still be executed - e.g. any set-up code in the TEST_CASE before the
start of the first section.</br>
- At time of writing, wildcards are not supported in section names.
- If you specify a section without narrowing to a test case first then all test cases will be executed
(but only matching sections within them).
<a id="filenames-as-tags"></a>
## Filenames as tags
<pre>-#, --filenames-as-tags</pre>
When this option is used then every test is given an additional tag which is formed of the unqualified
filename it is found in, with any extension stripped, prefixed with the `#` character.
So, for example, tests within the file `~\Dev\MyProject\Ferrets.cpp` would be tagged `[#Ferrets]`.
<a id="use-colour"></a>
## Override output colouring
<pre>--use-colour &lt;yes|no|auto&gt;</pre>
Catch colours output for terminals, but omits colouring when it detects that
output is being sent to a pipe. This is done to avoid interfering with automated
processing of output.
`--use-colour yes` forces coloured output, `--use-colour no` disables coloured
output. The default behaviour is `--use-colour auto`.
---
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# Commercial users of Catch
As well as [Open Source](opensource-users.md#top) users Catch is widely used within proprietary code bases too.
Many organisations like to keep this information internal, and that's fine,
but if you're more open it would be great if we could list the names of as
many organisations as possible that use Catch somewhere in their codebase.
Enterprise environments often tend to be far more conservative in their tool adoption -
and being aware that other companies are using Catch can ease the path in.
So if you are aware of Catch usage in your organisation, and are fairly confident there is no issue with sharing this
fact then please let us know - either directly, via a PR or
[issue](https://github.com/philsquared/Catch/issues), or on the [forums](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/catch-forum).
- Bloomberg
- [Bloomlife](https://bloomlife.com)
- NASA
- [Inscopix Inc.](https://www.inscopix.com/)
- [Makimo](https://makimo.pl/)
- [UX3D](https://ux3d.io)
- [King](https://king.com)

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# Compile-time configuration
**Contents**<br>
[main()/ implementation](#main-implementation)<br>
[Reporter / Listener interfaces](#reporter--listener-interfaces)<br>
[Prefixing Catch macros](#prefixing-catch-macros)<br>
[Terminal colour](#terminal-colour)<br>
[Console width](#console-width)<br>
[stdout](#stdout)<br>
[Fallback stringifier](#fallback-stringifier)<br>
[Default reporter](#default-reporter)<br>
[C++11 toggles](#c11-toggles)<br>
[C++17 toggles](#c17-toggles)<br>
[Other toggles](#other-toggles)<br>
[Windows header clutter](#windows-header-clutter)<br>
[Enabling stringification](#enabling-stringification)<br>
[Disabling exceptions](#disabling-exceptions)<br>
[Overriding Catch's debug break (`-b`)](#overriding-catchs-debug-break--b)<br>
Catch is designed to "just work" as much as possible. For most people the only configuration needed is telling Catch which source file should host all the implementation code (```CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN```).
Nonetheless there are still some occasions where finer control is needed. For these occasions Catch exposes a set of macros for configuring how it is built.
## main()/ implementation
CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN // Designates this as implementation file and defines main()
CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER // Designates this as implementation file
Although Catch is header only it still, internally, maintains a distinction between interface headers and headers that contain implementation. Only one source file in your test project should compile the implementation headers and this is controlled through the use of one of these macros - one of these identifiers should be defined before including Catch in *exactly one implementation file in your project*.
## Reporter / Listener interfaces
CATCH_CONFIG_EXTERNAL_INTERFACES // Brings in necessary headers for Reporter/Listener implementation
Brings in various parts of Catch that are required for user defined Reporters and Listeners. This means that new Reporters and Listeners can be defined in this file as well as in the main file.
Implied by both `CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN` and `CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER`.
## Prefixing Catch macros
CATCH_CONFIG_PREFIX_ALL
To keep test code clean and uncluttered Catch uses short macro names (e.g. ```TEST_CASE``` and ```REQUIRE```). Occasionally these may conflict with identifiers from platform headers or the system under test. In this case the above identifier can be defined. This will cause all the Catch user macros to be prefixed with ```CATCH_``` (e.g. ```CATCH_TEST_CASE``` and ```CATCH_REQUIRE```).
## Terminal colour
CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_NONE // completely disables all text colouring
CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_WINDOWS // forces the Win32 console API to be used
CATCH_CONFIG_COLOUR_ANSI // forces ANSI colour codes to be used
Yes, I am English, so I will continue to spell "colour" with a 'u'.
When sending output to the terminal, if it detects that it can, Catch will use colourised text. On Windows the Win32 API, ```SetConsoleTextAttribute```, is used. On POSIX systems ANSI colour escape codes are inserted into the stream.
For finer control you can define one of the above identifiers (these are mutually exclusive - but that is not checked so may behave unexpectedly if you mix them):
Note that when ANSI colour codes are used "unistd.h" must be includable - along with a definition of ```isatty()```
Typically you should place the ```#define``` before #including "catch.hpp" in your main source file - but if you prefer you can define it for your whole project by whatever your IDE or build system provides for you to do so.
## Console width
CATCH_CONFIG_CONSOLE_WIDTH = x // where x is a number
Catch formats output intended for the console to fit within a fixed number of characters. This is especially important as indentation is used extensively and uncontrolled line wraps break this.
By default a console width of 80 is assumed but this can be controlled by defining the above identifier to be a different value.
## stdout
CATCH_CONFIG_NOSTDOUT
To support platforms that do not provide `std::cout`, `std::cerr` and
`std::clog`, Catch does not usem the directly, but rather calls
`Catch::cout`, `Catch::cerr` and `Catch::clog`. You can replace their
implementation by defining `CATCH_CONFIG_NOSTDOUT` and implementing
them yourself, their signatures are:
std::ostream& cout();
std::ostream& cerr();
std::ostream& clog();
[You can see an example of replacing these functions here.](
../examples/231-Cfg-OutputStreams.cpp)
## Fallback stringifier
By default, when Catch's stringification machinery has to stringify
a type that does not specialize `StringMaker`, does not overload `operator<<`,
is not an enumeration and is not a range, it uses `"{?}"`. This can be
overridden by defining `CATCH_CONFIG_FALLBACK_STRINGIFIER` to name of a
function that should perform the stringification instead.
All types that do not provide `StringMaker` specialization or `operator<<`
overload will be sent to this function (this includes enums and ranges).
The provided function must return `std::string` and must accept any type,
e.g. via overloading.
_Note that if the provided function does not handle a type and this type
requires to be stringified, the compilation will fail._
## Default reporter
Catch's default reporter can be changed by defining macro
`CATCH_CONFIG_DEFAULT_REPORTER` to string literal naming the desired
default reporter.
This means that defining `CATCH_CONFIG_DEFAULT_REPORTER` to `"console"`
is equivalent with the out-of-the-box experience.
## C++11 toggles
CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_TO_STRING // Use `std::to_string`
Because we support platforms whose standard library does not contain
`std::to_string`, it is possible to force Catch to use a workaround
based on `std::stringstream`. On platforms other than Android,
the default is to use `std::to_string`. On Android, the default is to
use the `stringstream` workaround. As always, it is possible to override
Catch's selection, by defining either `CATCH_CONFIG_CPP11_TO_STRING` or
`CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP11_TO_STRING`.
## C++17 toggles
CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS // Use std::uncaught_exceptions instead of std::uncaught_exception
CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW // Override std::string_view support detection(Catch provides a StringMaker specialization by default)
CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_VARIANT // Override std::variant support detection (checked by CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_VARIANT_STRINGMAKER)
CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_OPTIONAL // Override std::optional support detection (checked by CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_OPTIONAL_STRINGMAKER)
CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_BYTE // Override std::byte support detection (Catch provides a StringMaker specialization by default)
> `CATCH_CONFIG_CPP17_STRING_VIEW` was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1376) in Catch 2.4.1.
Catch contains basic compiler/standard detection and attempts to use
some C++17 features whenever appropriate. This automatic detection
can be manually overridden in both directions, that is, a feature
can be enabled by defining the macro in the table above, and disabled
by using `_NO_` in the macro, e.g. `CATCH_CONFIG_NO_CPP17_UNCAUGHT_EXCEPTIONS`.
## Other toggles
CATCH_CONFIG_COUNTER // Use __COUNTER__ to generate unique names for test cases
CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH // Enable SEH handling on Windows
CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE // Sacrifices some (rather minor) features for compilation speed
CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS // Do not compile Matchers in this compilation unit
CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS // Enable handling POSIX signals
CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_CRTDBG // Enable leak checking using Windows's CRT Debug Heap
CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_STRINGIFICATION // Disable stringifying the original expression
CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE // Disables assertions and test case registration
CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR // Enables use of wchart_t
CATCH_CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL_REDIRECT // Enables the new (experimental) way of capturing stdout/stderr
CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_BENCHMARKING // Enables the integrated benchmarking features (has a significant effect on compilation speed)
CATCH_CONFIG_USE_ASYNC // Force parallel statistical processing of samples during benchmarking
CATCH_CONFIG_ANDROID_LOGWRITE // Use android's logging system for debug output
CATCH_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER // Use nextafter{,f,l} instead of std::nextafter
> [`CATCH_CONFIG_ANDROID_LOGWRITE`](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1743) and [`CATCH_CONFIG_GLOBAL_NEXTAFTER`](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/pull/1739) were introduced in Catch 2.10.0
Currently Catch enables `CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_SEH` only when compiled with MSVC, because some versions of MinGW do not have the necessary Win32 API support.
`CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS` is on by default, except when Catch is compiled under `Cygwin`, where it is disabled by default (but can be force-enabled by defining `CATCH_CONFIG_POSIX_SIGNALS`).
`CATCH_CONFIG_WINDOWS_CRTDBG` is off by default. If enabled, Windows's CRT is used to check for memory leaks, and displays them after the tests finish running.
`CATCH_CONFIG_WCHAR` is on by default, but can be disabled. Currently
it is only used in support for DJGPP cross-compiler.
With the exception of `CATCH_CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL_REDIRECT`,
these toggles can be disabled by using `_NO_` form of the toggle,
e.g. `CATCH_CONFIG_NO_WINDOWS_SEH`.
### `CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE`
This compile-time flag speeds up compilation of assertion macros by ~20%,
by disabling the generation of assertion-local try-catch blocks for
non-exception family of assertion macros ({`REQUIRE`,`CHECK`}{``,`_FALSE`, `_THAT`}).
This disables translation of exceptions thrown under these assertions, but
should not lead to false negatives.
`CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE` has to be either defined, or not defined,
in all translation units that are linked into single test binary.
### `CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS`
When `CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS` is defined, all mentions of Catch's Matchers are ifdef-ed away from the translation unit. Doing so will speed up compilation of that TU.
_Note: If you define `CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_MATCHERS` in the same file as Catch's main is implemented, your test executable will fail to link if you use Matchers anywhere._
### `CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_STRINGIFICATION`
This toggle enables a workaround for VS 2017 bug. For details see [known limitations](limitations.md#visual-studio-2017----raw-string-literal-in-assert-fails-to-compile).
### `CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE`
This toggle removes most of Catch from given file. This means that `TEST_CASE`s are not registered and assertions are turned into no-ops. Useful for keeping tests within implementation files (ie for functions with internal linkage), instead of in external files.
This feature is considered experimental and might change at any point.
_Inspired by Doctest's `DOCTEST_CONFIG_DISABLE`_
## Windows header clutter
On Windows Catch includes `windows.h`. To minimize global namespace clutter in the implementation file, it defines `NOMINMAX` and `WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN` before including it. You can control this behaviour via two macros:
CATCH_CONFIG_NO_NOMINMAX // Stops Catch from using NOMINMAX macro
CATCH_CONFIG_NO_WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN // Stops Catch from using WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN macro
## Enabling stringification
By default, Catch does not stringify some types from the standard library. This is done to avoid dragging in various standard library headers by default. However, Catch does contain these and can be configured to provide them, using these macros:
CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_PAIR_STRINGMAKER // Provide StringMaker specialization for std::pair
CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_TUPLE_STRINGMAKER // Provide StringMaker specialization for std::tuple
CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_CHRONO_STRINGMAKER // Provide StringMaker specialization for std::chrono::duration, std::chrono::timepoint
CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_VARIANT_STRINGMAKER // Provide StringMaker specialization for std::variant, std::monostate (on C++17)
CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_OPTIONAL_STRINGMAKER // Provide StringMaker specialization for std::optional (on C++17)
CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_ALL_STRINGMAKERS // Defines all of the above
> `CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_VARIANT_STRINGMAKER` was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1380) in Catch 2.4.1.
> `CATCH_CONFIG_ENABLE_OPTIONAL_STRINGMAKER` was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1510) in Catch 2.6.0.
## Disabling exceptions
> Introduced in Catch 2.4.0.
By default, Catch2 uses exceptions to signal errors and to abort tests
when an assertion from the `REQUIRE` family of assertions fails. We also
provide an experimental support for disabling exceptions. Catch2 should
automatically detect when it is compiled with exceptions disabled, but
it can be forced to compile without exceptions by defining
CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS
Note that when using Catch2 without exceptions, there are 2 major
limitations:
1) If there is an error that would normally be signalled by an exception,
the exception's message will instead be written to `Catch::cerr` and
`std::terminate` will be called.
2) If an assertion from the `REQUIRE` family of macros fails,
`std::terminate` will be called after the active reporter returns.
There is also a customization point for the exact behaviour of what
happens instead of exception being thrown. To use it, define
CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS_CUSTOM_HANDLER
and provide a definition for this function:
```cpp
namespace Catch {
[[noreturn]]
void throw_exception(std::exception const&);
}
```
## Overriding Catch's debug break (`-b`)
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/pull/1846) in Catch 2.11.2.
You can override Catch2's break-into-debugger code by defining the
`CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER()` macro. This can be used if e.g. Catch2 does
not know your platform, or your platform is misdetected.
The macro will be used as is, that is, `CATCH_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER();`
must compile and must break into debugger.
---
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# Contributing to Catch2
**Contents**<br>
[Using Git(Hub)](#using-github)<br>
[Testing your changes](#testing-your-changes)<br>
[Writing documentation](#writing-documentation)<br>
[Writing code](#writing-code)<br>
[CoC](#coc)<br>
So you want to contribute something to Catch2? That's great! Whether it's
a bug fix, a new feature, support for additional compilers - or just
a fix to the documentation - all contributions are very welcome and very
much appreciated. Of course so are bug reports, other comments, and
questions, but generally it is a better idea to ask questions in our
[Discord](https://discord.gg/4CWS9zD), than in the issue tracker.
This page covers some guidelines and helpful tips for contributing
to the codebase itself.
## Using Git(Hub)
Ongoing development happens in the `v2.x` branch for Catch2 v2, and in
`devel` for the next major version, v3.
Commits should be small and atomic. A commit is atomic when, after it is
applied, the codebase, tests and all, still works as expected. Small
commits are also preferred, as they make later operations with git history,
whether it is bisecting, reverting, or something else, easier.
_When submitting a pull request please do not include changes to the
single include. This means do not include them in your git commits!_
When addressing review comments in a MR, please do not rebase/squash the
commits immediately. Doing so makes it harder to review the new changes,
slowing down the process of merging a MR. Instead, when addressing review
comments, you should append new commits to the branch and only squash
them into other commits when the MR is ready to be merged. We recommend
creating new commits with `git commit --fixup` (or `--squash`) and then
later squashing them with `git rebase --autosquash` to make things easier.
## Testing your changes
_Note: Running Catch2's tests requires Python3_
Catch2 has multiple layers of tests that are then run as part of our CI.
The most obvious one are the unit tests compiled into the `SelfTest`
binary. These are then used in "Approval tests", which run (almost) all
tests from `SelfTest` through a specific reporter and then compare the
generated output with a known good output ("Baseline"). By default, new
tests should be placed here.
However, not all tests can be written as plain unit tests. For example,
checking that Catch2 orders tests randomly when asked to, and that this
random ordering is subset-invariant, is better done as an integration
test using an external check script. Catch2 integration tests are written
using CTest, either as a direct command invocation + pass/fail regex,
or by delegating the check to a Python script.
There are also two more kinds of tests, examples and "ExtraTests".
Examples serve as a compilation test on the single-header distribution,
and present a small and self-contained snippets of using Catch2 for
writing tests. ExtraTests then are tests that either take a long time
to run, or require separate compilation, e.g. because of testing compile
time configuration options, and take a long time because of that.
Both of these are compiled against the single-header distribution of
Catch2, and thus might require you to regenerate it manually. This is
done by calling the `generateSingleHeader.py` script in `scripts`.
Examples and ExtraTests are not compiled by default. To compile them,
add `-DCATCH_BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON` and `-DCATCH_BUILD_EXTRA_TESTS=ON` to
the invocation of CMake configuration step.
Bringing this all together, the steps below should configure, build,
and run all tests in the `Debug` compilation.
1. Regenerate the single header distribution
```
$ cd Catch2
$ ./scripts/generateSingleHeader.py
```
2. Configure the full test build
```
$ cmake -Bdebug-build -H. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DCATCH_BUILD_EXAMPLES=ON -DCATCH_BUILD_EXTRA_TESTS=ON
```
3. Run the actual build
```
$ cmake --build debug-build
```
4. Run the tests using CTest
```
$ cd debug-build
$ ctest -j 4 --output-on-failure -C Debug
```
## Writing documentation
If you have added new feature to Catch2, it needs documentation, so that
other people can use it as well. This section collects some technical
information that you will need for updating Catch2's documentation, and
possibly some generic advise as well.
### Technicalities
First, the technicalities:
* If you have introduced a new document, there is a simple template you
should use. It provides you with the top anchor mentioned to link to
(more below), and also with a backlink to the top of the documentation:
```markdown
<a id="top"></a>
# Cool feature
Text that explains how to use the cool feature.
---
[Home](Readme.md#top)
```
* Crosslinks to different pages should target the `top` anchor, like this
`[link to contributing](contributing.md#top)`.
* We introduced version tags to the documentation, which show users in
which version a specific feature was introduced. This means that newly
written documentation should be tagged with a placeholder, that will
be replaced with the actual version upon release. There are 2 styles
of placeholders used through the documentation, you should pick one that
fits your text better (if in doubt, take a look at the existing version
tags for other features).
* `> [Introduced](link-to-issue-or-PR) in Catch X.Y.Z` - this
placeholder is usually used after a section heading
* `> X (Y and Z) was [introduced](link-to-issue-or-PR) in Catch X.Y.Z`
- this placeholder is used when you need to tag a subpart of something,
e.g. a list
* For pages with more than 4 subheadings, we provide a table of contents
(ToC) at the top of the page. Because GitHub markdown does not support
automatic generation of ToC, it has to be handled semi-manually. Thus,
if you've added a new subheading to some page, you should add it to the
ToC. This can be done either manually, or by running the
`updateDocumentToC.py` script in the `scripts/` folder.
### Contents
Now, for some content tips:
* Usage examples are good. However, having large code snippets inline
can make the documentation less readable, and so the inline snippets
should be kept reasonably short. To provide more complex compilable
examples, consider adding new .cpp file to `examples/`.
* Don't be afraid to introduce new pages. The current documentation
tends towards long pages, but a lot of that is caused by legacy, and
we know that some of the pages are overly big and unfocused.
* When adding information to an existing page, please try to keep your
formatting, style and changes consistent with the rest of the page.
* Any documentation has multiple different audiences, that desire
different information from the text. The 3 basic user-types to try and
cover are:
* A beginner to Catch2, who requires closer guidance for the usage of Catch2.
* Advanced user of Catch2, who want to customize their usage.
* Experts, looking for full reference of Catch2's capabilities.
## Writing code
If want to contribute code, this section contains some simple rules
and tips on things like code formatting, code constructions to avoid,
and so on.
### Formatting
To make code formatting simpler for the contributors, Catch2 provides
its own config for `clang-format`. However, because it is currently
impossible to replicate existing Catch2's formatting in clang-format,
using it to reformat a whole file would cause massive diffs. To keep
the size of your diffs reasonable, you should only use clang-format
on the newly changed code.
### Code constructs to watch out for
This section is a (sadly incomplete) listing of various constructs that
are problematic and are not always caught by our CI infrastructure.
#### Naked exceptions and exceptions-related function
If you are throwing an exception, it should be done via `CATCH_ERROR`
or `CATCH_RUNTIME_ERROR` in `catch_enforce.h`. These macros will handle
the differences between compilation with or without exceptions for you.
However, some platforms (IAR) also have problems with exceptions-related
functions, such as `std::current_exceptions`. We do not have IAR in our
CI, but luckily there should not be too many reasons to use these.
However, if you do, they should be kept behind a
`CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_EXCEPTIONS` macro.
#### Unqualified usage of functions from C's stdlib
If you are using a function from C's stdlib, please include the header
as `<cfoo>` and call the function qualified. The common knowledge that
there is no difference is wrong, QNX and VxWorks won't compile if you
include the header as `<cfoo>` and call the function unqualified.
## CoC
This project has a [CoC](../CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md). Please adhere to it
while contributing to Catch2.
-----------
_This documentation will always be in-progress as new information comes
up, but we are trying to keep it as up to date as possible._
---
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# Deprecations and incoming changes
This page documents current deprecations and upcoming planned changes
inside Catch2. The difference between these is that a deprecated feature
will be removed, while a planned change to a feature means that the
feature will behave differently, but will still be present. Obviously,
either of these is a breaking change, and thus will not happen until
at least the next major release.
## Deprecations
### `--list-*` return values
The return codes of the `--list-*` family of command line arguments
will no longer be equal to the number of tests/tags/etc found, instead
it will be 0 for success and non-zero for failure.
### `--list-test-names-only`
`--list-test-names-only` command line argument will be removed.
### `ANON_TEST_CASE`
`ANON_TEST_CASE` is scheduled for removal, as it can be fully replaced
by a `TEST_CASE` with no arguments.
### Secondary description amongst tags
Currently, the tags part of `TEST_CASE` (and others) macro can also
contain text that is not part of tags. This text is then separated into
a "description" of the test case, but the description is then never used
apart from writing it out for `--list-tests -v high`.
Because it isn't actually used nor documented, and brings complications
to Catch2's internals, description support will be removed.
### SourceLineInfo::empty()
There should be no reason to ever have an empty `SourceLineInfo`, so the
method will be removed.
### Composing lvalues of already composed matchers
Because a significant bug in this use case has persisted for 2+ years
without a bug report, and to simplify the implementation, code that
composes lvalues of composed matchers will not compile. That is,
this code will no longer work:
```cpp
auto m1 = Contains("string");
auto m2 = Contains("random");
auto composed1 = m1 || m2;
auto m3 = Contains("different");
auto composed2 = composed1 || m3;
REQUIRE_THAT(foo(), !composed1);
REQUIRE_THAT(foo(), composed2);
```
Instead you will have to write this:
```cpp
auto m1 = Contains("string");
auto m2 = Contains("random");
auto m3 = Contains("different");
REQUIRE_THAT(foo(), !(m1 || m2));
REQUIRE_THAT(foo(), m1 || m2 || m3);
```
### `ParseAndAddCatchTests.cmake`
The CMake/CTest integration using `ParseAndAddCatchTests.cmake` is deprecated,
as it can be replaced by `Catch.cmake` that provides the function
`catch_discover_tests` to get tests directly from a CMake target via the
command line interface instead of parsing C++ code with regular expressions.
## Planned changes
### Reporter verbosities
The current implementation of verbosities, where the reporter is checked
up-front whether it supports the requested verbosity, is fundamentally
misguided and will be changed. The new implementation will no longer check
whether the specified reporter supports the requested verbosity, instead
it will be up to the reporters to deal with verbosities as they see fit
(with an expectation that unsupported verbosities will be, at most,
warnings, but not errors).
### Output format of `--list-*` command line parameters
The various list operations will be piped through reporters. This means
that e.g. XML reporter will write the output as machine-parseable XML,
while the Console reporter will keep the current, human-oriented output.
### `CHECKED_IF` and `CHECKED_ELSE`
To make the `CHECKED_IF` and `CHECKED_ELSE` macros more useful, they will
be marked as "OK to fail" (`Catch::ResultDisposition::SuppressFail` flag
will be added), which means that their failure will not fail the test,
making the `else` actually useful.
### Change semantics of `[.]` and tag exclusion
Currently, given these 2 tests
```cpp
TEST_CASE("A", "[.][foo]") {}
TEST_CASE("B", "[.][bar]") {}
```
specifying `[foo]` as the testspec will run test "A" and specifying
`~[foo]` will run test "B", even though it is hidden. Also, specifying
`~[baz]` will run both tests. This behaviour is often surprising and will
be changed so that hidden tests are included in a run only if they
positively match a testspec.
### Console Colour API
The API for Catch2's console colour will be changed to take an extra
argument, the stream to which the colour code should be applied.
### Type erasure in the `PredicateMatcher`
Currently, the `PredicateMatcher` uses `std::function` for type erasure,
so that type of the matcher is always `PredicateMatcher<T>`, regardless
of the type of the predicate. Because of the high compilation overhead
of `std::function`, and the fact that the type erasure is used only rarely,
`PredicateMatcher` will no longer be type erased in the future. Instead,
the predicate type will be made part of the PredicateMatcher's type.
---
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# Event Listeners
A `Listener` is a class you can register with Catch that will then be passed events,
such as a test case starting or ending, as they happen during a test run.
`Listeners` are actually types of `Reporters`, with a few small differences:
1. Once registered in code they are automatically used - you don't need to specify them on the command line
2. They are called in addition to (just before) any reporters, and you can register multiple listeners.
3. They derive from `Catch::TestEventListenerBase`, which has default stubs for all the events,
so you are not forced to implement events you're not interested in.
4. You register a listener with `CATCH_REGISTER_LISTENER`
## Implementing a Listener
Simply derive a class from `Catch::TestEventListenerBase` and implement the methods you are interested in, either in
the main source file (i.e. the one that defines `CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN` or `CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER`), or in a
file that defines `CATCH_CONFIG_EXTERNAL_INTERFACES`.
Then register it using `CATCH_REGISTER_LISTENER`.
For example ([complete source code](../examples/210-Evt-EventListeners.cpp)):
```c++
#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
#include "catch.hpp"
struct MyListener : Catch::TestEventListenerBase {
using TestEventListenerBase::TestEventListenerBase; // inherit constructor
void testCaseStarting( Catch::TestCaseInfo const& testInfo ) override {
// Perform some setup before a test case is run
}
void testCaseEnded( Catch::TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats ) override {
// Tear-down after a test case is run
}
};
CATCH_REGISTER_LISTENER( MyListener )
```
_Note that you should not use any assertion macros within a Listener!_
## Events that can be hooked
The following are the methods that can be overridden in the Listener:
```c++
// The whole test run, starting and ending
virtual void testRunStarting( TestRunInfo const& testRunInfo );
virtual void testRunEnded( TestRunStats const& testRunStats );
// Test cases starting and ending
virtual void testCaseStarting( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo );
virtual void testCaseEnded( TestCaseStats const& testCaseStats );
// Sections starting and ending
virtual void sectionStarting( SectionInfo const& sectionInfo );
virtual void sectionEnded( SectionStats const& sectionStats );
// Assertions before/ after
virtual void assertionStarting( AssertionInfo const& assertionInfo );
virtual bool assertionEnded( AssertionStats const& assertionStats );
// A test is being skipped (because it is "hidden")
virtual void skipTest( TestCaseInfo const& testInfo );
```
More information about the events (e.g. name of the test case) is contained in the structs passed as arguments -
just look in the source code to see what fields are available.
---
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# Data Generators
> Introduced in Catch 2.6.0.
Data generators (also known as _data driven/parametrized test cases_)
let you reuse the same set of assertions across different input values.
In Catch2, this means that they respect the ordering and nesting
of the `TEST_CASE` and `SECTION` macros, and their nested sections
are run once per each value in a generator.
This is best explained with an example:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generators") {
auto i = GENERATE(1, 3, 5);
REQUIRE(is_odd(i));
}
```
The "Generators" `TEST_CASE` will be entered 3 times, and the value of
`i` will be 1, 3, and 5 in turn. `GENERATE`s can also be used multiple
times at the same scope, in which case the result will be a cartesian
product of all elements in the generators. This means that in the snippet
below, the test case will be run 6 (2\*3) times.
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generators") {
auto i = GENERATE(1, 2);
auto j = GENERATE(3, 4, 5);
}
```
There are 2 parts to generators in Catch2, the `GENERATE` macro together
with the already provided generators, and the `IGenerator<T>` interface
that allows users to implement their own generators.
## Combining `GENERATE` and `SECTION`.
`GENERATE` can be seen as an implicit `SECTION`, that goes from the place
`GENERATE` is used, to the end of the scope. This can be used for various
effects. The simplest usage is shown below, where the `SECTION` "one"
runs 4 (2\*2) times, and `SECTION` "two" is run 6 times (2\*3).
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generators") {
auto i = GENERATE(1, 2);
SECTION("one") {
auto j = GENERATE(-3, -2);
REQUIRE(j < i);
}
SECTION("two") {
auto k = GENERATE(4, 5, 6);
REQUIRE(i != k);
}
}
```
The specific order of the `SECTION`s will be "one", "one", "two", "two",
"two", "one"...
The fact that `GENERATE` introduces a virtual `SECTION` can also be used
to make a generator replay only some `SECTION`s, without having to
explicitly add a `SECTION`. As an example, the code below reports 3
assertions, because the "first" section is run once, but the "second"
section is run twice.
```cpp
TEST_CASE("GENERATE between SECTIONs") {
SECTION("first") { REQUIRE(true); }
auto _ = GENERATE(1, 2);
SECTION("second") { REQUIRE(true); }
}
```
This can lead to surprisingly complex test flows. As an example, the test
below will report 14 assertions:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Complex mix of sections and generates") {
auto i = GENERATE(1, 2);
SECTION("A") {
SUCCEED("A");
}
auto j = GENERATE(3, 4);
SECTION("B") {
SUCCEED("B");
}
auto k = GENERATE(5, 6);
SUCCEED();
}
```
> The ability to place `GENERATE` between two `SECTION`s was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1938) in Catch 2.13.0.
## Provided generators
Catch2's provided generator functionality consists of three parts,
* `GENERATE` macro, that serves to integrate generator expression with
a test case,
* 2 fundamental generators
* `SingleValueGenerator<T>` -- contains only single element
* `FixedValuesGenerator<T>` -- contains multiple elements
* 5 generic generators that modify other generators
* `FilterGenerator<T, Predicate>` -- filters out elements from a generator
for which the predicate returns "false"
* `TakeGenerator<T>` -- takes first `n` elements from a generator
* `RepeatGenerator<T>` -- repeats output from a generator `n` times
* `MapGenerator<T, U, Func>` -- returns the result of applying `Func`
on elements from a different generator
* `ChunkGenerator<T>` -- returns chunks (inside `std::vector`) of n elements from a generator
* 4 specific purpose generators
* `RandomIntegerGenerator<Integral>` -- generates random Integrals from range
* `RandomFloatGenerator<Float>` -- generates random Floats from range
* `RangeGenerator<T>` -- generates all values inside an arithmetic range
* `IteratorGenerator<T>` -- copies and returns values from an iterator range
> `ChunkGenerator<T>`, `RandomIntegerGenerator<Integral>`, `RandomFloatGenerator<Float>` and `RangeGenerator<T>` were introduced in Catch 2.7.0.
> `IteratorGenerator<T>` was introduced in Catch 2.10.0.
The generators also have associated helper functions that infer their
type, making their usage much nicer. These are
* `value(T&&)` for `SingleValueGenerator<T>`
* `values(std::initializer_list<T>)` for `FixedValuesGenerator<T>`
* `table<Ts...>(std::initializer_list<std::tuple<Ts...>>)` for `FixedValuesGenerator<std::tuple<Ts...>>`
* `filter(predicate, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `FilterGenerator<T, Predicate>`
* `take(count, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `TakeGenerator<T>`
* `repeat(repeats, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `RepeatGenerator<T>`
* `map(func, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `MapGenerator<T, U, Func>` (map `U` to `T`, deduced from `Func`)
* `map<T>(func, GeneratorWrapper<U>&&)` for `MapGenerator<T, U, Func>` (map `U` to `T`)
* `chunk(chunk-size, GeneratorWrapper<T>&&)` for `ChunkGenerator<T>`
* `random(IntegerOrFloat a, IntegerOrFloat b)` for `RandomIntegerGenerator` or `RandomFloatGenerator`
* `range(Arithemtic start, Arithmetic end)` for `RangeGenerator<Arithmetic>` with a step size of `1`
* `range(Arithmetic start, Arithmetic end, Arithmetic step)` for `RangeGenerator<Arithmetic>` with a custom step size
* `from_range(InputIterator from, InputIterator to)` for `IteratorGenerator<T>`
* `from_range(Container const&)` for `IteratorGenerator<T>`
> `chunk()`, `random()` and both `range()` functions were introduced in Catch 2.7.0.
> `from_range` has been introduced in Catch 2.10.0
> `range()` for floating point numbers has been introduced in Catch 2.11.0
And can be used as shown in the example below to create a generator
that returns 100 odd random number:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Generating random ints", "[example][generator]") {
SECTION("Deducing functions") {
auto i = GENERATE(take(100, filter([](int i) { return i % 2 == 1; }, random(-100, 100))));
REQUIRE(i > -100);
REQUIRE(i < 100);
REQUIRE(i % 2 == 1);
}
}
```
Apart from registering generators with Catch2, the `GENERATE` macro has
one more purpose, and that is to provide simple way of generating trivial
generators, as seen in the first example on this page, where we used it
as `auto i = GENERATE(1, 2, 3);`. This usage converted each of the three
literals into a single `SingleValueGenerator<int>` and then placed them all in
a special generator that concatenates other generators. It can also be
used with other generators as arguments, such as `auto i = GENERATE(0, 2,
take(100, random(300, 3000)));`. This is useful e.g. if you know that
specific inputs are problematic and want to test them separately/first.
**For safety reasons, you cannot use variables inside the `GENERATE` macro.
This is done because the generator expression _will_ outlive the outside
scope and thus capturing references is dangerous. If you need to use
variables inside the generator expression, make sure you thought through
the lifetime implications and use `GENERATE_COPY` or `GENERATE_REF`.**
> `GENERATE_COPY` and `GENERATE_REF` were introduced in Catch 2.7.1.
You can also override the inferred type by using `as<type>` as the first
argument to the macro. This can be useful when dealing with string literals,
if you want them to come out as `std::string`:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("type conversion", "[generators]") {
auto str = GENERATE(as<std::string>{}, "a", "bb", "ccc");
REQUIRE(str.size() > 0);
}
```
## Generator interface
You can also implement your own generators, by deriving from the
`IGenerator<T>` interface:
```cpp
template<typename T>
struct IGenerator : GeneratorUntypedBase {
// via GeneratorUntypedBase:
// Attempts to move the generator to the next element.
// Returns true if successful (and thus has another element that can be read)
virtual bool next() = 0;
// Precondition:
// The generator is either freshly constructed or the last call to next() returned true
virtual T const& get() const = 0;
};
```
However, to be able to use your custom generator inside `GENERATE`, it
will need to be wrapped inside a `GeneratorWrapper<T>`.
`GeneratorWrapper<T>` is a value wrapper around a
`std::unique_ptr<IGenerator<T>>`.
For full example of implementing your own generator, look into Catch2's
examples, specifically
[Generators: Create your own generator](../examples/300-Gen-OwnGenerator.cpp).

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# Known limitations
Over time, some limitations of Catch2 emerged. Some of these are due
to implementation details that cannot be easily changed, some of these
are due to lack of development resources on our part, and some of these
are due to plain old 3rd party bugs.
## Implementation limits
### Sections nested in loops
If you are using `SECTION`s inside loops, you have to create them with
different name per loop's iteration. The recommended way to do so is to
incorporate the loop's counter into section's name, like so:
```cpp
TEST_CASE( "Looped section" ) {
for (char i = '0'; i < '5'; ++i) {
SECTION(std::string("Looped section ") + i) {
SUCCEED( "Everything is OK" );
}
}
}
```
or with a `DYNAMIC_SECTION` macro (that was made for exactly this purpose):
```cpp
TEST_CASE( "Looped section" ) {
for (char i = '0'; i < '5'; ++i) {
DYNAMIC_SECTION( "Looped section " << i) {
SUCCEED( "Everything is OK" );
}
}
}
```
### Tests might be run again if last section fails
If the last section in a test fails, it might be run again. This is because
Catch2 discovers `SECTION`s dynamically, as they are about to run, and
if the last section in test case is aborted during execution (e.g. via
the `REQUIRE` family of macros), Catch2 does not know that there are no
more sections in that test case and must run the test case again.
### MinGW/CygWin compilation (linking) is extremely slow
Compiling Catch2 with MinGW can be exceedingly slow, especially during
the linking step. As far as we can tell, this is caused by deficiencies
in its default linker. If you can tell MinGW to instead use lld, via
`-fuse-ld=lld`, the link time should drop down to reasonable length
again.
## Features
This section outlines some missing features, what is their status and their possible workarounds.
### Thread safe assertions
Catch2's assertion macros are not thread safe. This does not mean that
you cannot use threads inside Catch's test, but that only single thread
can interact with Catch's assertions and other macros.
This means that this is ok
```cpp
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
std::atomic<int> cnt{ 0 };
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
threads.emplace_back([&]() {
++cnt; ++cnt; ++cnt; ++cnt;
});
}
for (auto& t : threads) { t.join(); }
REQUIRE(cnt == 16);
```
because only one thread passes the `REQUIRE` macro and this is not
```cpp
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
std::atomic<int> cnt{ 0 };
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
threads.emplace_back([&]() {
++cnt; ++cnt; ++cnt; ++cnt;
CHECK(cnt == 16);
});
}
for (auto& t : threads) { t.join(); }
REQUIRE(cnt == 16);
```
Because C++11 provides the necessary tools to do this, we are planning
to remove this limitation in the future.
### Process isolation in a test
Catch does not support running tests in isolated (forked) processes. While this might in the future, the fact that Windows does not support forking and only allows full-on process creation and the desire to keep code as similar as possible across platforms, mean that this is likely to take significant development time, that is not currently available.
### Running multiple tests in parallel
Catch's test execution is strictly serial. If you find yourself with a test suite that takes too long to run and you want to make it parallel, there are 2 feasible solutions
* You can split your tests into multiple binaries and then run these binaries in parallel.
* You can have Catch list contained test cases and then run the same test binary multiple times in parallel, passing each instance list of test cases it should run.
Both of these solutions have their problems, but should let you wring parallelism out of your test suite.
## 3rd party bugs
This section outlines known bugs in 3rd party components (this means compilers, standard libraries, standard runtimes).
### Visual Studio 2015 -- `GENERATE` does not compile if it would deduce char array
VS 2015 refuses to compile `GENERATE` statements that would deduce to a
char array with known size, e.g. this:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Deducing string lit") {
auto param = GENERATE("start", "stop");
}
```
A workaround for this is to use the `as` helper and force deduction of
either a `char const*` or a `std::string`.
### Visual Studio 2017 -- raw string literal in assert fails to compile
There is a known bug in Visual Studio 2017 (VC 15), that causes compilation error when preprocessor attempts to stringize a raw string literal (`#` preprocessor is applied to it). This snippet is sufficient to trigger the compilation error:
```cpp
#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
#include "catch.hpp"
TEST_CASE("test") {
CHECK(std::string(R"("\)") == "\"\\");
}
```
Catch provides a workaround, it is possible to disable stringification of original expressions by defining `CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_STRINGIFICATION`:
```cpp
#define CATCH_CONFIG_FAST_COMPILE
#define CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_STRINGIFICATION
#include "catch.hpp"
TEST_CASE("test") {
CHECK(std::string(R"("\)") == "\"\\");
}
```
_Do note that this changes the output somewhat_
```
catchwork\test1.cpp(6):
PASSED:
CHECK( Disabled by CATCH_CONFIG_DISABLE_STRINGIFICATION )
with expansion:
""\" == ""\"
```
### Visual Studio 2015 -- Alignment compilation error (C2718)
VS 2015 has a known bug, where `declval<T>` can cause compilation error
if `T` has alignment requirements that it cannot meet.
A workaround is to explicitly specialize `Catch::is_range` for given
type (this avoids code path that uses `declval<T>` in a SFINAE context).
### Visual Studio 2015 -- Wrong line number reported in debug mode
VS 2015 has a known bug where `__LINE__` macro can be improperly expanded under certain circumstances, while compiling multi-file project in Debug mode.
A workaround is to compile the binary in Release mode.
### Clang/G++ -- skipping leaf sections after an exception
Some versions of `libc++` and `libstdc++` (or their runtimes) have a bug with `std::uncaught_exception()` getting stuck returning `true` after rethrow, even if there are no active exceptions. One such case is this snippet, which skipped the sections "a" and "b", when compiled against `libcxxrt` from master
```cpp
#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
#include <catch.hpp>
TEST_CASE("a") {
CHECK_THROWS(throw 3);
}
TEST_CASE("b") {
int i = 0;
SECTION("a") { i = 1; }
SECTION("b") { i = 2; }
CHECK(i > 0);
}
```
If you are seeing a problem like this, i.e. a weird test paths that trigger only under Clang with `libc++`, or only under very specific version of `libstdc++`, it is very likely you are seeing this. The only known workaround is to use a fixed version of your standard library.
### Clang/G++ -- `Matches` string matcher always returns false
This is a bug in `libstdc++-4.8`, where all matching methods from `<regex>` return false. Since `Matches` uses `<regex>` internally, if the underlying implementation does not work, it doesn't work either.
Workaround: Use newer version of `libstdc++`.
### libstdc++, `_GLIBCXX_DEBUG` macro and random ordering of tests
Running a Catch2 binary compiled against libstdc++ with `_GLIBCXX_DEBUG`
macro defined with `--order rand` will cause a debug check to trigger and
abort the run due to self-assignment.
[This is a known bug inside libstdc++](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22915325/avoiding-self-assignment-in-stdshuffle/23691322)
Workaround: Don't use `--order rand` when compiling against debug-enabled
libstdc++.

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# List of examples
## Already available
- Catch main: [Catch-provided main](../examples/000-CatchMain.cpp)
- Test Case: [Single-file](../examples/010-TestCase.cpp)
- Test Case: [Multiple-file 1](../examples/020-TestCase-1.cpp), [2](../examples/020-TestCase-2.cpp)
- Assertion: [REQUIRE, CHECK](../examples/030-Asn-Require-Check.cpp)
- Fixture: [Sections](../examples/100-Fix-Section.cpp)
- Fixture: [Class-based fixtures](../examples/110-Fix-ClassFixture.cpp)
- BDD: [SCENARIO, GIVEN, WHEN, THEN](../examples/120-Bdd-ScenarioGivenWhenThen.cpp)
- Report: [Catch-provided main](../examples/200-Rpt-CatchMain.cpp)
- Report: [TeamCity reporter](../examples/207-Rpt-TeamCityReporter.cpp)
- Listener: [Listeners](../examples/210-Evt-EventListeners.cpp)
- Configuration: [Provide your own output streams](../examples/231-Cfg-OutputStreams.cpp)
- Generators: [Create your own generator](../examples/300-Gen-OwnGenerator.cpp)
- Generators: [Use map to convert types in GENERATE expression](../examples/301-Gen-MapTypeConversion.cpp)
- Generators: [Run test with a table of input values](../examples/302-Gen-Table.cpp)
- Generators: [Use variables in generator expressions](../examples/310-Gen-VariablesInGenerators.cpp)
- Generators: [Use custom variable capture in generator expressions](../examples/311-Gen-CustomCapture.cpp)
## Planned
- Assertion: [REQUIRE_THAT and Matchers](../examples/040-Asn-RequireThat.cpp)
- Assertion: [REQUIRE_NO_THROW](../examples/050-Asn-RequireNoThrow.cpp)
- Assertion: [REQUIRE_THROWS](../examples/050-Asn-RequireThrows.cpp)
- Assertion: [REQUIRE_THROWS_AS](../examples/070-Asn-RequireThrowsAs.cpp)
- Assertion: [REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH](../examples/080-Asn-RequireThrowsWith.cpp)
- Assertion: [REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES](../examples/090-Asn-RequireThrowsMatches.cpp)
- Floating point: [Approx - Comparisons](../examples/130-Fpt-Approx.cpp)
- Logging: [CAPTURE - Capture expression](../examples/140-Log-Capture.cpp)
- Logging: [INFO - Provide information with failure](../examples/150-Log-Info.cpp)
- Logging: [WARN - Issue warning](../examples/160-Log-Warn.cpp)
- Logging: [FAIL, FAIL_CHECK - Issue message and force failure/continue](../examples/170-Log-Fail.cpp)
- Logging: [SUCCEED - Issue message and continue](../examples/180-Log-Succeed.cpp)
- Report: [User-defined type](../examples/190-Rpt-ReportUserDefinedType.cpp)
- Report: [User-defined reporter](../examples/202-Rpt-UserDefinedReporter.cpp)
- Report: [Automake reporter](../examples/205-Rpt-AutomakeReporter.cpp)
- Report: [TAP reporter](../examples/206-Rpt-TapReporter.cpp)
- Report: [Multiple reporter](../examples/208-Rpt-MultipleReporters.cpp)
- Configuration: [Provide your own main()](../examples/220-Cfg-OwnMain.cpp)
- Configuration: [Compile-time configuration](../examples/230-Cfg-CompileTimeConfiguration.cpp)
- Configuration: [Run-time configuration](../examples/240-Cfg-RunTimeConfiguration.cpp)
---
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# Logging macros
Additional messages can be logged during a test case. Note that the messages logged with `INFO` are scoped and thus will not be reported if failure occurs in scope preceding the message declaration. An example:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Foo") {
INFO("Test case start");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
INFO("The number is " << i);
CHECK(i == 0);
}
}
TEST_CASE("Bar") {
INFO("Test case start");
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
INFO("The number is " << i);
CHECK(i == i);
}
CHECK(false);
}
```
When the `CHECK` fails in the "Foo" test case, then two messages will be printed.
```
Test case start
The number is 1
```
When the last `CHECK` fails in the "Bar" test case, then only one message will be printed: `Test case start`.
## Logging without local scope
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1522) in Catch 2.7.0.
`UNSCOPED_INFO` is similar to `INFO` with two key differences:
- Lifetime of an unscoped message is not tied to its own scope.
- An unscoped message can be reported by the first following assertion only, regardless of the result of that assertion.
In other words, lifetime of `UNSCOPED_INFO` is limited by the following assertion (or by the end of test case/section, whichever comes first) whereas lifetime of `INFO` is limited by its own scope.
These differences make this macro useful for reporting information from helper functions or inner scopes. An example:
```cpp
void print_some_info() {
UNSCOPED_INFO("Info from helper");
}
TEST_CASE("Baz") {
print_some_info();
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
UNSCOPED_INFO("The number is " << i);
}
CHECK(false);
}
TEST_CASE("Qux") {
INFO("First info");
UNSCOPED_INFO("First unscoped info");
CHECK(false);
INFO("Second info");
UNSCOPED_INFO("Second unscoped info");
CHECK(false);
}
```
"Baz" test case prints:
```
Info from helper
The number is 0
The number is 1
```
With "Qux" test case, two messages will be printed when the first `CHECK` fails:
```
First info
First unscoped info
```
"First unscoped info" message will be cleared after the first `CHECK`, while "First info" message will persist until the end of the test case. Therefore, when the second `CHECK` fails, three messages will be printed:
```
First info
Second info
Second unscoped info
```
## Streaming macros
All these macros allow heterogeneous sequences of values to be streaming using the insertion operator (```<<```) in the same way that std::ostream, std::cout, etc support it.
E.g.:
```c++
INFO( "The number is " << i );
```
(Note that there is no initial ```<<``` - instead the insertion sequence is placed in parentheses.)
These macros come in three forms:
**INFO(** _message expression_ **)**
The message is logged to a buffer, but only reported with next assertions that are logged. This allows you to log contextual information in case of failures which is not shown during a successful test run (for the console reporter, without -s). Messages are removed from the buffer at the end of their scope, so may be used, for example, in loops.
_Note that in Catch2 2.x.x `INFO` can be used without a trailing semicolon as there is a trailing semicolon inside macro.
This semicolon will be removed with next major version. It is highly advised to use a trailing semicolon after `INFO` macro._
**UNSCOPED_INFO(** _message expression_ **)**
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1522) in Catch 2.7.0.
Similar to `INFO`, but messages are not limited to their own scope: They are removed from the buffer after each assertion, section or test case, whichever comes first.
**WARN(** _message expression_ **)**
The message is always reported but does not fail the test.
**FAIL(** _message expression_ **)**
The message is reported and the test case fails.
**FAIL_CHECK(** _message expression_ **)**
AS `FAIL`, but does not abort the test
## Quickly capture value of variables or expressions
**CAPTURE(** _expression1_, _expression2_, ... **)**
Sometimes you just want to log a value of variable, or expression. For
convenience, we provide the `CAPTURE` macro, that can take a variable,
or an expression, and prints out that variable/expression and its value
at the time of capture.
e.g. `CAPTURE( theAnswer );` will log message "theAnswer := 42", while
```cpp
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;
CAPTURE( a, b, c, a + b, c > b, a == 1);
```
will log a total of 6 messages:
```
a := 1
b := 2
c := 3
a + b := 3
c > b := true
a == 1 := true
```
You can also capture expressions that use commas inside parentheses
(e.g. function calls), brackets, or braces (e.g. initializers). To
properly capture expression that contains template parameters list
(in other words, it contains commas between angle brackets), you need
to enclose the expression inside parentheses:
`CAPTURE( (std::pair<int, int>{1, 2}) );`
---
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# Matchers
Matchers are an alternative way to do assertions which are easily extensible and composable.
This makes them well suited to use with more complex types (such as collections) or your own custom types.
Matchers were first popularised by the [Hamcrest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamcrest) family of frameworks.
## In use
Matchers are introduced with the `REQUIRE_THAT` or `CHECK_THAT` macros, which take two arguments.
The first argument is the thing (object or value) under test. The second part is a match _expression_,
which consists of either a single matcher or one or more matchers combined using `&&`, `||` or `!` operators.
For example, to assert that a string ends with a certain substring:
```c++
using Catch::Matchers::EndsWith; // or Catch::EndsWith
std::string str = getStringFromSomewhere();
REQUIRE_THAT( str, EndsWith( "as a service" ) );
```
The matcher objects can take multiple arguments, allowing more fine tuning.
The built-in string matchers, for example, take a second argument specifying whether the comparison is
case sensitive or not:
```c++
REQUIRE_THAT( str, EndsWith( "as a service", Catch::CaseSensitive::No ) );
```
And matchers can be combined:
```c++
REQUIRE_THAT( str,
EndsWith( "as a service" ) ||
(StartsWith( "Big data" ) && !Contains( "web scale" ) ) );
```
_The combining operators do not take ownership of the matcher objects.
This means that if you store the combined object, you have to ensure that
the matcher objects outlive its last use. What this means is that code
like this leads to a use-after-free and (hopefully) a crash:_
```cpp
TEST_CASE("Bugs, bugs, bugs", "[Bug]"){
std::string str = "Bugs as a service";
auto match_expression = Catch::EndsWith( "as a service" ) ||
(Catch::StartsWith( "Big data" ) && !Catch::Contains( "web scale" ) );
REQUIRE_THAT(str, match_expression);
}
```
## Built in matchers
Catch2 provides some matchers by default. They can be found in the
`Catch::Matchers::foo` namespace and are imported into the `Catch`
namespace as well.
There are two parts to each of the built-in matchers, the matcher
type itself and a helper function that provides template argument
deduction when creating templated matchers. As an example, the matcher
for checking that two instances of `std::vector` are identical is
`EqualsMatcher<T>`, but the user is expected to use the `Equals`
helper function instead.
### String matchers
The string matchers are `StartsWith`, `EndsWith`, `Contains`, `Equals` and `Matches`. The first four match a literal (sub)string against a result, while `Matches` takes and matches an ECMAScript regex. Do note that `Matches` matches the string as a whole, meaning that "abc" will not match against "abcd", but "abc.*" will.
Each of the provided `std::string` matchers also takes an optional second argument, that decides case sensitivity (by-default, they are case sensitive).
### Vector matchers
Catch2 currently provides 5 built-in matchers that work on `std::vector`.
These are
* `Contains` which checks whether a specified vector is present in the result
* `VectorContains` which checks whether a specified element is present in the result
* `Equals` which checks whether the result is exactly equal (order matters) to a specific vector
* `UnorderedEquals` which checks whether the result is equal to a specific vector under a permutation
* `Approx` which checks whether the result is "approx-equal" (order matters, but comparison is done via `Approx`) to a specific vector
> Approx matcher was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1499) in Catch 2.7.2.
### Floating point matchers
Catch2 provides 3 matchers for working with floating point numbers. These
are `WithinAbsMatcher`, `WithinUlpsMatcher` and `WithinRelMatcher`.
The `WithinAbsMatcher` matcher accepts floating point numbers that are
within a certain distance of target. It should be constructed with the
`WithinAbs(double target, double margin)` helper.
The `WithinUlpsMatcher` matcher accepts floating point numbers that are
within a certain number of [ULPs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_in_the_last_place)
of the target. Because ULP comparisons need to be done differently for
`float`s and for `double`s, there are two overloads of the helpers for
this matcher, `WithinULP(float target, int64_t ULPs)`, and
`WithinULP(double target, int64_t ULPs)`.
The `WithinRelMatcher` matcher accepts floating point numbers that are
_approximately equal_ with the target number with some specific tolerance.
In other words, it checks that `|lhs - rhs| <= epsilon * max(|lhs|, |rhs|)`,
with special casing for `INFINITY` and `NaN`. There are _4_ overloads of
the helpers for this matcher, `WithinRel(double target, double margin)`,
`WithinRel(float target, float margin)`, `WithinRel(double target)`, and
`WithinRel(float target)`. The latter two provide a default epsilon of
machine epsilon * 100.
> `WithinRel` matcher was introduced in Catch 2.10.0
### Generic matchers
Catch also aims to provide a set of generic matchers. Currently this set
contains only a matcher that takes arbitrary callable predicate and applies
it onto the provided object.
Because of type inference limitations, the argument type of the predicate
has to be provided explicitly. Example:
```cpp
REQUIRE_THAT("Hello olleH",
Predicate<std::string>(
[] (std::string const& str) -> bool { return str.front() == str.back(); },
"First and last character should be equal")
);
```
The second argument is an optional description of the predicate, and is
used only during reporting of the result.
### Exception matchers
Catch2 also provides an exception matcher that can be used to verify
that an exception's message exactly matches desired string. The matcher
is `ExceptionMessageMatcher`, and we also provide a helper function
`Message`.
The matched exception must publicly derive from `std::exception` and
the message matching is done _exactly_, including case.
> `ExceptionMessageMatcher` was introduced in Catch 2.10.0
Example use:
```cpp
REQUIRE_THROWS_MATCHES(throwsDerivedException(), DerivedException, Message("DerivedException::what"));
```
## Custom matchers
It's easy to provide your own matchers to extend Catch or just to work with your own types.
You need to provide two things:
1. A matcher class, derived from `Catch::MatcherBase<T>` - where `T` is the type being tested.
The constructor takes and stores any arguments needed (e.g. something to compare against) and you must
override two methods: `match()` and `describe()`.
2. A simple builder function. This is what is actually called from the test code and allows overloading.
Here's an example for asserting that an integer falls within a given range
(note that it is all inline for the sake of keeping the example short):
```c++
// The matcher class
class IntRange : public Catch::MatcherBase<int> {
int m_begin, m_end;
public:
IntRange( int begin, int end ) : m_begin( begin ), m_end( end ) {}
// Performs the test for this matcher
bool match( int const& i ) const override {
return i >= m_begin && i <= m_end;
}
// Produces a string describing what this matcher does. It should
// include any provided data (the begin/ end in this case) and
// be written as if it were stating a fact (in the output it will be
// preceded by the value under test).
virtual std::string describe() const override {
std::ostringstream ss;
ss << "is between " << m_begin << " and " << m_end;
return ss.str();
}
};
// The builder function
inline IntRange IsBetween( int begin, int end ) {
return IntRange( begin, end );
}
// ...
// Usage
TEST_CASE("Integers are within a range")
{
CHECK_THAT( 3, IsBetween( 1, 10 ) );
CHECK_THAT( 100, IsBetween( 1, 10 ) );
}
```
Running this test gives the following in the console:
```
/**/TestFile.cpp:123: FAILED:
CHECK_THAT( 100, IsBetween( 1, 10 ) )
with expansion:
100 is between 1 and 10
```
---
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# Open Source projects using Catch
Catch is great for open source. With its [liberal license](../LICENSE.txt) and single-header, dependency-free, distribution
it's easy to just drop the header into your project and start writing tests - what's not to like?
As a result Catch is now being used in many Open Source projects, including some quite well known ones.
This page is an attempt to track those projects. Obviously it can never be complete.
This effort largely relies on the maintainers of the projects themselves updating this page and submitting a PR
(or, if you prefer contact one of the maintainers of Catch directly, use the
[forums](https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!forum/catch-forum)), or raise an [issue](https://github.com/philsquared/Catch/issues) to let us know).
Of course users of those projects might want to update this page too. That's fine - as long you're confident the project maintainers won't mind.
If you're an Open Source project maintainer and see your project listed here but would rather it wasn't -
just let us know via any of the previously mentioned means - although I'm sure there won't be many who feel that way.
Listing a project here does not imply endorsement and the plan is to keep these ordered alphabetically to avoid an implication of relative importance.
## Libraries & Frameworks
### [ApprovalTests.cpp](https://github.com/approvals/ApprovalTests.cpp)
C++11 implementation of Approval Tests, for quick, convenient testing of legacy code.
### [args](https://github.com/Taywee/args)
A simple header-only C++ argument parser library.
### [Azmq](https://github.com/zeromq/azmq)
Boost Asio style bindings for ZeroMQ.
### [Cataclysm: Dark Days Ahead](https://github.com/CleverRaven/Cataclysm-DDA)
Post-apocalyptic survival RPG.
### [ChaiScript](https://github.com/ChaiScript/ChaiScript)
A, header-only, embedded scripting language designed from the ground up to directly target C++ and take advantage of modern C++ development techniques.
### [ChakraCore](https://github.com/Microsoft/ChakraCore)
The core part of the Chakra JavaScript engine that powers Microsoft Edge.
### [Clara](https://github.com/philsquared/Clara)
A, single-header-only, type-safe, command line parser - which also prints formatted usage strings.
### [Couchbase-lite-core](https://github.com/couchbase/couchbase-lite-core)
The next-generation core storage and query engine for Couchbase Lite.
### [cppcodec](https://github.com/tplgy/cppcodec)
Header-only C++11 library to encode/decode base64, base64url, base32, base32hex and hex (a.k.a. base16) as specified in RFC 4648, plus Crockford's base32.
### [DtCraft](https://github.com/twhuang-uiuc/DtCraft)
A High-performance Cluster Computing Engine.
### [forest](https://github.com/xorz57/forest)
Template Library of Tree Data Structures.
### [Fuxedo](https://github.com/fuxedo/fuxedo)
Open source Oracle Tuxedo-like XATMI middleware for C and C++.
### [Inja](https://github.com/pantor/inja)
A header-only template engine for modern C++.
### [libcluon](https://github.com/chrberger/libcluon)
A single-header-only library written in C++14 to glue distributed software components (UDP, TCP, shared memory) supporting natively Protobuf, LCM/ZCM, MsgPack, and JSON for dynamic message transformations in-between.
### [MNMLSTC Core](https://github.com/mnmlstc/core)
A small and easy to use C++11 library that adds a functionality set that will be available in C++14 and later, as well as some useful additions.
### [nanodbc](https://github.com/lexicalunit/nanodbc/)
A small C++ library wrapper for the native C ODBC API.
### [Nonius](https://github.com/libnonius/nonius)
A header-only framework for benchmarking small snippets of C++ code.
### [polymorphic_value](https://github.com/jbcoe/polymorphic_value)
A polymorphic value-type for C++.
### [Ppconsul](https://github.com/oliora/ppconsul)
A C++ client library for Consul. Consul is a distributed tool for discovering and configuring services in your infrastructure.
### [Reactive-Extensions/ RxCpp](https://github.com/Reactive-Extensions/RxCpp)
A library of algorithms for values-distributed-in-time.
### [SOCI](https://github.com/SOCI/soci)
The C++ Database Access Library.
### [TextFlowCpp](https://github.com/philsquared/textflowcpp)
A small, single-header-only, library for wrapping and composing columns of text.
### [thor](https://github.com/xorz57/thor)
Wrapper Library for CUDA.
### [toml++](https://github.com/marzer/tomlplusplus)
A header-only TOML parser and serializer for modern C++.
### [Trompeloeil](https://github.com/rollbear/trompeloeil)
A thread-safe header-only mocking framework for C++14.
## Applications & Tools
### [App Mesh](https://github.com/laoshanxi/app-mesh)
A high available cloud native micro-service application management platform implemented by modern C++.
### [ArangoDB](https://github.com/arangodb/arangodb)
ArangoDB is a native multi-model database with flexible data models for documents, graphs, and key-values.
### [Giada - Your Hardcore Loop Machine](https://github.com/monocasual/giada)
Minimal, open-source and cross-platform audio tool for live music production.
### [MAME](https://github.com/mamedev/mame)
MAME originally stood for Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator.
### [Newsbeuter](https://github.com/akrennmair/newsbeuter)
Newsbeuter is an open-source RSS/Atom feed reader for text terminals.
### [PopHead](https://github.com/SPC-Some-Polish-Coders/PopHead)
A 2D, Zombie, RPG game which is being made on our own engine.
### [raspigcd](https://github.com/pantadeusz/raspigcd)
Low level CLI app and library for execution of GCODE on Raspberry Pi without any additional microcontrolers (just RPi + Stepsticks).
### [SpECTRE](https://github.com/sxs-collaboration/spectre)
SpECTRE is a code for multi-scale, multi-physics problems in astrophysics and gravitational physics.
### [Standardese](https://github.com/foonathan/standardese)
Standardese aims to be a nextgen Doxygen.
---
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# Other macros
This page serves as a reference for macros that are not documented
elsewhere. For now, these macros are separated into 2 rough categories,
"assertion related macros" and "test case related macros".
## Assertion related macros
* `CHECKED_IF` and `CHECKED_ELSE`
`CHECKED_IF( expr )` is an `if` replacement, that also applies Catch2's
stringification machinery to the _expr_ and records the result. As with
`if`, the block after a `CHECKED_IF` is entered only if the expression
evaluates to `true`. `CHECKED_ELSE( expr )` work similarly, but the block
is entered only if the _expr_ evaluated to `false`.
Example:
```cpp
int a = ...;
int b = ...;
CHECKED_IF( a == b ) {
// This block is entered when a == b
} CHECKED_ELSE ( a == b ) {
// This block is entered when a != b
}
```
* `CHECK_NOFAIL`
`CHECK_NOFAIL( expr )` is a variant of `CHECK` that does not fail the test
case if _expr_ evaluates to `false`. This can be useful for checking some
assumption, that might be violated without the test necessarily failing.
Example output:
```
main.cpp:6:
FAILED - but was ok:
CHECK_NOFAIL( 1 == 2 )
main.cpp:7:
PASSED:
CHECK( 2 == 2 )
```
* `SUCCEED`
`SUCCEED( msg )` is mostly equivalent with `INFO( msg ); REQUIRE( true );`.
In other words, `SUCCEED` is for cases where just reaching a certain line
means that the test has been a success.
Example usage:
```cpp
TEST_CASE( "SUCCEED showcase" ) {
int I = 1;
SUCCEED( "I is " << I );
}
```
* `STATIC_REQUIRE`
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1362) in Catch 2.4.2.
`STATIC_REQUIRE( expr )` is a macro that can be used the same way as a
`static_assert`, but also registers the success with Catch2, so it is
reported as a success at runtime. The whole check can also be deferred
to the runtime, by defining `CATCH_CONFIG_RUNTIME_STATIC_REQUIRE` before
including the Catch2 header.
Example:
```cpp
TEST_CASE("STATIC_REQUIRE showcase", "[traits]") {
STATIC_REQUIRE( std::is_void<void>::value );
STATIC_REQUIRE_FALSE( std::is_void<int>::value );
}
```
## Test case related macros
* `METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE`
`METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( member-function-pointer, description )` lets you
register a member function of a class as a Catch2 test case. The class
will be separately instantiated for each method registered in this way.
```cpp
class TestClass {
std::string s;
public:
TestClass()
:s( "hello" )
{}
void testCase() {
REQUIRE( s == "hello" );
}
};
METHOD_AS_TEST_CASE( TestClass::testCase, "Use class's method as a test case", "[class]" )
```
* `REGISTER_TEST_CASE`
`REGISTER_TEST_CASE( function, description )` let's you register
a `function` as a test case. The function has to have `void()` signature,
the description can contain both name and tags.
Example:
```cpp
REGISTER_TEST_CASE( someFunction, "ManuallyRegistered", "[tags]" );
```
_Note that the registration still has to happen before Catch2's session
is initiated. This means that it either needs to be done in a global
constructor, or before Catch2's session is created in user's own main._
* `ANON_TEST_CASE`
`ANON_TEST_CASE` is a `TEST_CASE` replacement that will autogenerate
unique name. The advantage of this is that you do not have to think
of a name for the test case, the disadvantage is that the name doesn't
necessarily remain stable across different links, and thus it might be
hard to run directly.
Example:
```cpp
ANON_TEST_CASE() {
SUCCEED("Hello from anonymous test case");
}
```
* `DYNAMIC_SECTION`
> Introduced in Catch 2.3.0.
`DYNAMIC_SECTION` is a `SECTION` where the user can use `operator<<` to
create the final name for that section. This can be useful with e.g.
generators, or when creating a `SECTION` dynamically, within a loop.
Example:
```cpp
TEST_CASE( "looped SECTION tests" ) {
int a = 1;
for( int b = 0; b < 10; ++b ) {
DYNAMIC_SECTION( "b is currently: " << b ) {
CHECK( b > a );
}
}
}
```

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# Supplying main() yourself
**Contents**<br>
[Let Catch take full control of args and config](#let-catch-take-full-control-of-args-and-config)<br>
[Amending the config](#amending-the-config)<br>
[Adding your own command line options](#adding-your-own-command-line-options)<br>
[Version detection](#version-detection)<br>
The easiest way to use Catch is to let it supply ```main()``` for you and handle configuring itself from the command line.
This is achieved by writing ```#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN``` before the ```#include "catch.hpp"``` in *exactly one* source file.
Sometimes, though, you need to write your own version of main(). You can do this by writing ```#define CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER``` instead. Now you are free to write ```main()``` as normal and call into Catch yourself manually. You now have a lot of flexibility - but here are three recipes to get your started:
**Important note: you can only provide `main` in the same file you defined `CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER`.**
## Let Catch take full control of args and config
If you just need to have code that executes before and/ or after Catch this is the simplest option.
```c++
#define CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER
#include "catch.hpp"
int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) {
// global setup...
int result = Catch::Session().run( argc, argv );
// global clean-up...
return result;
}
```
## Amending the config
If you still want Catch to process the command line, but you want to programmatically tweak the config, you can do so in one of two ways:
```c++
#define CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER
#include "catch.hpp"
int main( int argc, char* argv[] )
{
Catch::Session session; // There must be exactly one instance
// writing to session.configData() here sets defaults
// this is the preferred way to set them
int returnCode = session.applyCommandLine( argc, argv );
if( returnCode != 0 ) // Indicates a command line error
return returnCode;
// writing to session.configData() or session.Config() here
// overrides command line args
// only do this if you know you need to
int numFailed = session.run();
// numFailed is clamped to 255 as some unices only use the lower 8 bits.
// This clamping has already been applied, so just return it here
// You can also do any post run clean-up here
return numFailed;
}
```
Take a look at the definitions of Config and ConfigData to see what you can do with them.
To take full control of the config simply omit the call to ```applyCommandLine()```.
## Adding your own command line options
Catch embeds a powerful command line parser called [Clara](https://github.com/philsquared/Clara).
As of Catch2 (and Clara 1.0) Clara allows you to write _composable_ option and argument parsers,
so extending Catch's own command line options is now easy.
```c++
#define CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER
#include "catch.hpp"
int main( int argc, char* argv[] )
{
Catch::Session session; // There must be exactly one instance
int height = 0; // Some user variable you want to be able to set
// Build a new parser on top of Catch's
using namespace Catch::clara;
auto cli
= session.cli() // Get Catch's composite command line parser
| Opt( height, "height" ) // bind variable to a new option, with a hint string
["-g"]["--height"] // the option names it will respond to
("how high?"); // description string for the help output
// Now pass the new composite back to Catch so it uses that
session.cli( cli );
// Let Catch (using Clara) parse the command line
int returnCode = session.applyCommandLine( argc, argv );
if( returnCode != 0 ) // Indicates a command line error
return returnCode;
// if set on the command line then 'height' is now set at this point
if( height > 0 )
std::cout << "height: " << height << std::endl;
return session.run();
}
```
See the [Clara documentation](https://github.com/philsquared/Clara/blob/master/README.md) for more details.
## Version detection
Catch provides a triplet of macros providing the header's version,
* `CATCH_VERSION_MAJOR`
* `CATCH_VERSION_MINOR`
* `CATCH_VERSION_PATCH`
these macros expand into a single number, that corresponds to the appropriate
part of the version. As an example, given single header version v2.3.4,
the macros would expand into `2`, `3`, and `4` respectively.
---
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# How to release
When enough changes have accumulated, it is time to release new version of Catch. This document describes the process in doing so, that no steps are forgotten. Note that all referenced scripts can be found in the `scripts/` directory.
## Necessary steps
These steps are necessary and have to be performed before each new release. They serve to make sure that the new release is correct and linked-to from the standard places.
### Testing
All of the tests are currently run in our CI setup based on TravisCI and
AppVeyor. As long as the last commit tested green, the release can
proceed.
### Incrementing version number
Catch uses a variant of [semantic versioning](http://semver.org/), with breaking API changes (and thus major version increments) being very rare. Thus, the release will usually increment the patch version, when it only contains couple of bugfixes, or minor version, when it contains new functionality, or larger changes in implementation of current functionality.
After deciding which part of version number should be incremented, you can use one of the `*Release.py` scripts to perform the required changes to Catch.
This will take care of generating the single include header, updating
version numbers everywhere and pushing the new version to Wandbox.
### Release notes
Once a release is ready, release notes need to be written. They should summarize changes done since last release. For rough idea of expected notes see previous releases. Once written, release notes should be added to `docs/release-notes.md`.
### Commit and push update to GitHub
After version number is incremented, single-include header is regenerated and release notes are updated, changes should be committed and pushed to GitHub.
### Release on GitHub
After pushing changes to GitHub, GitHub release *needs* to be created.
Tag version and release title should be same as the new version,
description should contain the release notes for the current release.
Single header version of `catch.hpp` *needs* to be attached as a binary,
as that is where the official download link links to. Preferably
it should use linux line endings. All non-bundled reporters (Automake, TAP,
TeamCity, SonarQube) should also be attached as binaries, as they might be
dependent on a specific version of the single-include header.
Since 2.5.0, the release tag and the "binaries" (headers) should be PGP
signed.
#### Signing a tag
To create a signed tag, use `git tag -s <VERSION>`, where `<VERSION>`
is the version being released, e.g. `git tag -s v2.6.0`.
Use the version name as the short message and the release notes as
the body (long) message.
#### Signing the headers
This will create ASCII-armored signatures for the headers that are
uploaded to the GitHub release:
```
$ gpg2 --armor --output catch.hpp.asc --detach-sig catch.hpp
$ gpg2 --armor --output catch_reporter_automake.hpp.asc --detach-sig catch_reporter_automake.hpp
$ gpg2 --armor --output catch_reporter_teamcity.hpp.asc --detach-sig catch_reporter_teamcity.hpp
$ gpg2 --armor --output catch_reporter_tap.hpp.asc --detach-sig catch_reporter_tap.hpp
$ gpg2 --armor --output catch_reporter_sonarqube.hpp.asc --detach-sig catch_reporter_sonarqube.hpp
```
_GPG does not support signing multiple files in single invocation._

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# Reporters
Catch has a modular reporting system and comes bundled with a handful of useful reporters built in.
You can also write your own reporters.
## Using different reporters
The reporter to use can easily be controlled from the command line.
To specify a reporter use [`-r` or `--reporter`](command-line.md#choosing-a-reporter-to-use), followed by the name of the reporter, e.g.:
```
-r xml
```
If you don't specify a reporter then the console reporter is used by default.
There are four reporters built in to the single include:
* `console` writes as lines of text, formatted to a typical terminal width, with colours if a capable terminal is detected.
* `compact` similar to `console` but optimised for minimal output - each entry on one line
* `junit` writes xml that corresponds to Ant's [junitreport](http://help.catchsoftware.com/display/ET/JUnit+Format) target. Useful for build systems that understand Junit.
Because of the way the junit format is structured the run must complete before anything is written.
* `xml` writes an xml format tailored to Catch. Unlike `junit` this is a streaming format so results are delivered progressively.
There are a few additional reporters, for specific build systems, in the Catch repository (in `include\reporters`) which you can `#include` in your project if you would like to make use of them.
Do this in one source file - the same one you have `CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN` or `CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER`.
* `teamcity` writes the native, streaming, format that [TeamCity](https://www.jetbrains.com/teamcity/) understands.
Use this when building as part of a TeamCity build to see results as they happen ([code example](../examples/207-Rpt-TeamCityReporter.cpp)).
* `tap` writes in the TAP ([Test Anything Protocol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_Anything_Protocol)) format.
* `automake` writes in a format that correspond to [automake .trs](https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/manual/html_node/Log-files-generation-and-test-results-recording.html) files
* `sonarqube` writes the [SonarQube Generic Test Data](https://docs.sonarqube.org/latest/analysis/generic-test/) XML format.
You see what reporters are available from the command line by running with `--list-reporters`.
By default all these reports are written to stdout, but can be redirected to a file with [`-o` or `--out`](command-line.md#sending-output-to-a-file)
## Writing your own reporter
You can write your own custom reporter and register it with Catch.
At time of writing the interface is subject to some changes so is not, yet, documented here.
If you are determined you shouldn't have too much trouble working it out from the existing implementations -
but do keep in mind upcoming changes (these will be minor, simplifying, changes such as not needing to forward calls to the base class).
---
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# Why do my tests take so long to compile?
**Contents**<br>
[Short answer](#short-answer)<br>
[Long answer](#long-answer)<br>
[Practical example](#practical-example)<br>
[Using the static library Catch2WithMain](#using-the-static-library-catch2withmain)<br>
[Other possible solutions](#other-possible-solutions)<br>
Several people have reported that test code written with Catch takes much longer to compile than they would expect. Why is that?
Catch is implemented entirely in headers. There is a little overhead due to this - but not as much as you might think - and you can minimise it simply by organising your test code as follows:
## Short answer
Exactly one source file must ```#define``` either ```CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN``` or ```CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER``` before ```#include```-ing Catch. In this file *do not write any test cases*! In most cases that means this file will just contain two lines (the ```#define``` and the ```#include```).
## Long answer
Usually C++ code is split between a header file, containing declarations and prototypes, and an implementation file (.cpp) containing the definition, or implementation, code. Each implementation file, along with all the headers that it includes (and which those headers include, etc), is expanded into a single entity called a translation unit - which is then passed to the compiler and compiled down to an object file.
But functions and methods can also be written inline in header files. The downside to this is that these definitions will then be compiled in *every* translation unit that includes the header.
Because Catch is implemented *entirely* in headers you might think that the whole of Catch must be compiled into every translation unit that uses it! Actually it's not quite as bad as that. Catch mitigates this situation by effectively maintaining the traditional separation between the implementation code and declarations. Internally the implementation code is protected by ```#ifdef```s and is conditionally compiled into only one translation unit. This translation unit is that one that ```#define```s ```CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN``` or ```CATCH_CONFIG_RUNNER```. Let's call this the main source file.
As a result the main source file *does* compile the whole of Catch every time! So it makes sense to dedicate this file to *only* ```#define```-ing the identifier and ```#include```-ing Catch (and implementing the runner code, if you're doing that). Keep all your test cases in other files. This way you won't pay the recompilation cost for the whole of Catch.
## Practical example
Assume you have the `Factorial` function from the [tutorial](tutorial.md#top) in `factorial.cpp` (with forward declaration in `factorial.h`) and want to test it and keep the compile times down when adding new tests. Then you should have 2 files, `tests-main.cpp` and `tests-factorial.cpp`:
```cpp
// tests-main.cpp
#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
#include "catch.hpp"
```
```cpp
// tests-factorial.cpp
#include "catch.hpp"
#include "factorial.h"
TEST_CASE( "Factorials are computed", "[factorial]" ) {
REQUIRE( Factorial(1) == 1 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(2) == 2 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(3) == 6 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(10) == 3628800 );
}
```
After compiling `tests-main.cpp` once, it is enough to link it with separately compiled `tests-factorial.cpp`. This means that adding more tests to `tests-factorial.cpp`, will not result in recompiling Catch's main and the resulting compilation times will decrease substantially.
```
$ g++ tests-main.cpp -c
$ g++ factorial.cpp -c
$ g++ tests-main.o factorial.o tests-factorial.cpp -o tests && ./tests -r compact
Passed 1 test case with 4 assertions.
```
Now, the next time we change the file `tests-factorial.cpp` (say we add `REQUIRE( Factorial(0) == 1)`), it is enough to recompile the tests instead of recompiling main as well:
```
$ g++ tests-main.o factorial.o tests-factorial.cpp -o tests && ./tests -r compact
tests-factorial.cpp:11: failed: Factorial(0) == 1 for: 0 == 1
Failed 1 test case, failed 1 assertion.
```
## Using the static library Catch2WithMain
Catch2 also provides a static library that implements the runner. Note
that this support is experimental, due to interactions between Catch2 v2
implementation and C++ linking limitations.
As with the `Catch2` target, the `Catch2WithMain` CMake target can be used
either from a subdirectory, or from installed build.
### CMake
```cmake
add_executable(tests-factorial tests-factorial.cpp)
target_link_libraries(tests-factorial Catch2::Catch2WithMain)
```
### bazel
```python
cc_test(
name = "hello_world_test",
srcs = [
"test/hello_world_test.cpp",
],
deps = [
"lib_hello_world",
"@catch2//:catch2_with_main",
],
)
```
## Other possible solutions
You can also opt to sacrifice some features in order to speed-up Catch's compilation times. For details see the [documentation on Catch's compile-time configuration](configuration.md#other-toggles).
---
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# Test cases and sections
**Contents**<br>
[Tags](#tags)<br>
[Tag aliases](#tag-aliases)<br>
[BDD-style test cases](#bdd-style-test-cases)<br>
[Type parametrised test cases](#type-parametrised-test-cases)<br>
[Signature based parametrised test cases](#signature-based-parametrised-test-cases)<br>
While Catch fully supports the traditional, xUnit, style of class-based fixtures containing test case methods this is not the preferred style.
Instead Catch provides a powerful mechanism for nesting test case sections within a test case. For a more detailed discussion see the [tutorial](tutorial.md#test-cases-and-sections).
Test cases and sections are very easy to use in practice:
* **TEST_CASE(** _test name_ \[, _tags_ \] **)**
* **SECTION(** _section name_ **)**
_test name_ and _section name_ are free form, quoted, strings. The optional _tags_ argument is a quoted string containing one or more tags enclosed in square brackets. Tags are discussed below. Test names must be unique within the Catch executable.
For examples see the [Tutorial](tutorial.md#top)
## Tags
Tags allow an arbitrary number of additional strings to be associated with a test case. Test cases can be selected (for running, or just for listing) by tag - or even by an expression that combines several tags. At their most basic level they provide a simple way to group several related tests together.
As an example - given the following test cases:
TEST_CASE( "A", "[widget]" ) { /* ... */ }
TEST_CASE( "B", "[widget]" ) { /* ... */ }
TEST_CASE( "C", "[gadget]" ) { /* ... */ }
TEST_CASE( "D", "[widget][gadget]" ) { /* ... */ }
The tag expression, ```"[widget]"``` selects A, B & D. ```"[gadget]"``` selects C & D. ```"[widget][gadget]"``` selects just D and ```"[widget],[gadget]"``` selects all four test cases.
For more detail on command line selection see [the command line docs](command-line.md#specifying-which-tests-to-run)
Tag names are not case sensitive and can contain any ASCII characters. This means that tags `[tag with spaces]` and `[I said "good day"]` are both allowed tags and can be filtered on. Escapes are not supported however and `[\]]` is not a valid tag.
### Special Tags
All tag names beginning with non-alphanumeric characters are reserved by Catch. Catch defines a number of "special" tags, which have meaning to the test runner itself. These special tags all begin with a symbol character. Following is a list of currently defined special tags and their meanings.
* `[!hide]` or `[.]` - causes test cases to be skipped from the default list (i.e. when no test cases have been explicitly selected through tag expressions or name wildcards). The hide tag is often combined with another, user, tag (for example `[.][integration]` - so all integration tests are excluded from the default run but can be run by passing `[integration]` on the command line). As a short-cut you can combine these by simply prefixing your user tag with a `.` - e.g. `[.integration]`. Because the hide tag has evolved to have several forms, all forms are added as tags if you use one of them.
* `[!throws]` - lets Catch know that this test is likely to throw an exception even if successful. This causes the test to be excluded when running with `-e` or `--nothrow`.
* `[!mayfail]` - doesn't fail the test if any given assertion fails (but still reports it). This can be useful to flag a work-in-progress, or a known issue that you don't want to immediately fix but still want to track in your tests.
* `[!shouldfail]` - like `[!mayfail]` but *fails* the test if it *passes*. This can be useful if you want to be notified of accidental, or third-party, fixes.
* `[!nonportable]` - Indicates that behaviour may vary between platforms or compilers.
* `[#<filename>]` - running with `-#` or `--filenames-as-tags` causes Catch to add the filename, prefixed with `#` (and with any extension stripped), as a tag to all contained tests, e.g. tests in testfile.cpp would all be tagged `[#testfile]`.
* `[@<alias>]` - tag aliases all begin with `@` (see below).
* `[!benchmark]` - this test case is actually a benchmark. This is an experimental feature, and currently has no documentation. If you want to try it out, look at `projects/SelfTest/Benchmark.tests.cpp` for details.
## Tag aliases
Between tag expressions and wildcarded test names (as well as combinations of the two) quite complex patterns can be constructed to direct which test cases are run. If a complex pattern is used often it is convenient to be able to create an alias for the expression. This can be done, in code, using the following form:
CATCH_REGISTER_TAG_ALIAS( <alias string>, <tag expression> )
Aliases must begin with the `@` character. An example of a tag alias is:
CATCH_REGISTER_TAG_ALIAS( "[@nhf]", "[failing]~[.]" )
Now when `[@nhf]` is used on the command line this matches all tests that are tagged `[failing]`, but which are not also hidden.
## BDD-style test cases
In addition to Catch's take on the classic style of test cases, Catch supports an alternative syntax that allow tests to be written as "executable specifications" (one of the early goals of [Behaviour Driven Development](http://dannorth.net/introducing-bdd/)). This set of macros map on to ```TEST_CASE```s and ```SECTION```s, with a little internal support to make them smoother to work with.
* **SCENARIO(** _scenario name_ \[, _tags_ \] **)**
This macro maps onto ```TEST_CASE``` and works in the same way, except that the test case name will be prefixed by "Scenario: "
* **GIVEN(** _something_ **)**
* **WHEN(** _something_ **)**
* **THEN(** _something_ **)**
These macros map onto ```SECTION```s except that the section names are the _something_s prefixed by "given: ", "when: " or "then: " respectively.
* **AND_GIVEN(** _something_ **)**
* **AND_WHEN(** _something_ **)**
* **AND_THEN(** _something_ **)**
Similar to ```GIVEN```, ```WHEN``` and ```THEN``` except that the prefixes start with "and ". These are used to chain ```GIVEN```s, ```WHEN```s and ```THEN```s together.
> `AND_GIVEN` was [introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1360) in Catch 2.4.0.
When any of these macros are used the console reporter recognises them and formats the test case header such that the Givens, Whens and Thens are aligned to aid readability.
Other than the additional prefixes and the formatting in the console reporter these macros behave exactly as ```TEST_CASE```s and ```SECTION```s. As such there is nothing enforcing the correct sequencing of these macros - that's up to the programmer!
## Type parametrised test cases
In addition to `TEST_CASE`s, Catch2 also supports test cases parametrised
by types, in the form of `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE`,
`TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE` and `TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE`.
* **TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE(** _test name_ , _tags_, _type1_, _type2_, ..., _typen_ **)**
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1437) in Catch 2.5.0.
_test name_ and _tag_ are exactly the same as they are in `TEST_CASE`,
with the difference that the tag string must be provided (however, it
can be empty). _type1_ through _typen_ is the list of types for which
this test case should run, and, inside the test code, the current type
is available as the `TestType` type.
Because of limitations of the C++ preprocessor, if you want to specify
a type with multiple template parameters, you need to enclose it in
parentheses, e.g. `std::map<int, std::string>` needs to be passed as
`(std::map<int, std::string>)`.
Example:
```cpp
TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE( "vectors can be sized and resized", "[vector][template]", int, std::string, (std::tuple<int,float>) ) {
std::vector<TestType> v( 5 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
SECTION( "resizing bigger changes size and capacity" ) {
v.resize( 10 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 10 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 10 );
}
SECTION( "resizing smaller changes size but not capacity" ) {
v.resize( 0 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 0 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
SECTION( "We can use the 'swap trick' to reset the capacity" ) {
std::vector<TestType> empty;
empty.swap( v );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() == 0 );
}
}
SECTION( "reserving smaller does not change size or capacity" ) {
v.reserve( 0 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
}
}
```
* **TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE(** _test name_ , _tags_, (_template-type1_, _template-type2_, ..., _template-typen_), (_template-arg1_, _template-arg2_, ..., _template-argm_) **)**
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1468) in Catch 2.6.0.
_template-type1_ through _template-typen_ is list of template template
types which should be combined with each of _template-arg1_ through
_template-argm_, resulting in _n * m_ test cases. Inside the test case,
the resulting type is available under the name of `TestType`.
To specify more than 1 type as a single _template-type_ or _template-arg_,
you must enclose the types in an additional set of parentheses, e.g.
`((int, float), (char, double))` specifies 2 template-args, each
consisting of 2 concrete types (`int`, `float` and `char`, `double`
respectively). You can also omit the outer set of parentheses if you
specify only one type as the full set of either the _template-types_,
or the _template-args_.
Example:
```cpp
template< typename T>
struct Foo {
size_t size() {
return 0;
}
};
TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE("A Template product test case", "[template][product]", (std::vector, Foo), (int, float)) {
TestType x;
REQUIRE(x.size() == 0);
}
```
You can also have different arities in the _template-arg_ packs:
```cpp
TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE("Product with differing arities", "[template][product]", std::tuple, (int, (int, double), (int, double, float))) {
TestType x;
REQUIRE(std::tuple_size<TestType>::value >= 1);
}
```
_While there is an upper limit on the number of types you can specify
in single `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE` or `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE`, the limit
is very high and should not be encountered in practice._
* **TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE(** _test name_, _tags_, _type list_ **)**
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1627) in Catch 2.9.0.
_type list_ is a generic list of types on which test case should be instantiated.
List can be `std::tuple`, `boost::mpl::list`, `boost::mp11::mp_list` or anything with
`template <typename...>` signature.
This allows you to reuse the _type list_ in multiple test cases.
Example:
```cpp
using MyTypes = std::tuple<int, char, float>;
TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE("Template test case with test types specified inside std::tuple", "[template][list]", MyTypes)
{
REQUIRE(sizeof(TestType) > 0);
}
```
## Signature based parametrised test cases
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1609) in Catch 2.8.0.
In addition to [type parametrised test cases](#type-parametrised-test-cases) Catch2 also supports
signature base parametrised test cases, in form of `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG` and `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG`.
These test cases have similar syntax like [type parametrised test cases](#type-parametrised-test-cases), with one
additional positional argument which specifies the signature.
### Signature
Signature has some strict rules for these tests cases to work properly:
* signature with multiple template parameters e.g. `typename T, size_t S` must have this format in test case declaration
`((typename T, size_t S), T, S)`
* signature with variadic template arguments e.g. `typename T, size_t S, typename...Ts` must have this format in test case declaration
`((typename T, size_t S, typename...Ts), T, S, Ts...)`
* signature with single non type template parameter e.g. `int V` must have this format in test case declaration `((int V), V)`
* signature with single type template parameter e.g. `typename T` should not be used as it is in fact `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE`
Currently Catch2 support up to 11 template parameters in signature
### Examples
* **TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG(** _test name_ , _tags_, _signature_, _type1_, _type2_, ..., _typen_ **)**
Inside `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG` test case you can use the names of template parameters as defined in _signature_.
```cpp
TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_SIG("TemplateTestSig: arrays can be created from NTTP arguments", "[vector][template][nttp]",
((typename T, int V), T, V), (int,5), (float,4), (std::string,15), ((std::tuple<int, float>), 6)) {
std::array<T, V> v;
REQUIRE(v.size() > 1);
}
```
* **TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG(** _test name_ , _tags_, _signature_, (_template-type1_, _template-type2_, ..., _template-typen_), (_template-arg1_, _template-arg2_, ..., _template-argm_) **)**
```cpp
template<typename T, size_t S>
struct Bar {
size_t size() { return S; }
};
TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_SIG("A Template product test case with array signature", "[template][product][nttp]", ((typename T, size_t S), T, S), (std::array, Bar), ((int, 9), (float, 42))) {
TestType x;
REQUIRE(x.size() > 0);
}
```
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# Test fixtures
## Defining test fixtures
Although Catch allows you to group tests together as sections within a test case, it can still be convenient, sometimes, to group them using a more traditional test fixture. Catch fully supports this too. You define the test fixture as a simple structure:
```c++
class UniqueTestsFixture {
private:
static int uniqueID;
protected:
DBConnection conn;
public:
UniqueTestsFixture() : conn(DBConnection::createConnection("myDB")) {
}
protected:
int getID() {
return ++uniqueID;
}
};
int UniqueTestsFixture::uniqueID = 0;
TEST_CASE_METHOD(UniqueTestsFixture, "Create Employee/No Name", "[create]") {
REQUIRE_THROWS(conn.executeSQL("INSERT INTO employee (id, name) VALUES (?, ?)", getID(), ""));
}
TEST_CASE_METHOD(UniqueTestsFixture, "Create Employee/Normal", "[create]") {
REQUIRE(conn.executeSQL("INSERT INTO employee (id, name) VALUES (?, ?)", getID(), "Joe Bloggs"));
}
```
The two test cases here will create uniquely-named derived classes of UniqueTestsFixture and thus can access the `getID()` protected method and `conn` member variables. This ensures that both the test cases are able to create a DBConnection using the same method (DRY principle) and that any ID's created are unique such that the order that tests are executed does not matter.
Catch2 also provides `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD` and
`TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD` that can be used together
with templated fixtures and templated template fixtures to perform
tests for multiple different types. Unlike `TEST_CASE_METHOD`,
`TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD` and `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD` do
require the tag specification to be non-empty, as it is followed by
further macro arguments.
Also note that, because of limitations of the C++ preprocessor, if you
want to specify a type with multiple template parameters, you need to
enclose it in parentheses, e.g. `std::map<int, std::string>` needs to be
passed as `(std::map<int, std::string>)`.
In the case of `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD`, if a member of the
type list should consist of more than single type, it needs to be enclosed
in another pair of parentheses, e.g. `(std::map, std::pair)` and
`((int, float), (char, double))`.
Example:
```cpp
template< typename T >
struct Template_Fixture {
Template_Fixture(): m_a(1) {}
T m_a;
};
TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD(Template_Fixture,"A TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD based test run that succeeds", "[class][template]", int, float, double) {
REQUIRE( Template_Fixture<TestType>::m_a == 1 );
}
template<typename T>
struct Template_Template_Fixture {
Template_Template_Fixture() {}
T m_a;
};
template<typename T>
struct Foo_class {
size_t size() {
return 0;
}
};
TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD(Template_Template_Fixture, "A TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD based test succeeds", "[class][template]", (Foo_class, std::vector), int) {
REQUIRE( Template_Template_Fixture<TestType>::m_a.size() == 0 );
}
```
_While there is an upper limit on the number of types you can specify
in single `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD` or `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD`,
the limit is very high and should not be encountered in practice._
## Signature-based parametrised test fixtures
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1609) in Catch 2.8.0.
Catch2 also provides `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG` and `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG` to support
fixtures using non-type template parameters. These test cases work similar to `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD` and `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD`,
with additional positional argument for [signature](test-cases-and-sections.md#signature-based-parametrised-test-cases).
Example:
```cpp
template <int V>
struct Nttp_Fixture{
int value = V;
};
TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG(Nttp_Fixture, "A TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG based test run that succeeds", "[class][template][nttp]",((int V), V), 1, 3, 6) {
REQUIRE(Nttp_Fixture<V>::value > 0);
}
template<typename T>
struct Template_Fixture_2 {
Template_Fixture_2() {}
T m_a;
};
template< typename T, size_t V>
struct Template_Foo_2 {
size_t size() { return V; }
};
TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG(Template_Fixture_2, "A TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE_METHOD_SIG based test run that succeeds", "[class][template][product][nttp]", ((typename T, size_t S), T, S),(std::array, Template_Foo_2), ((int,2), (float,6)))
{
REQUIRE(Template_Fixture_2<TestType>{}.m_a.size() >= 2);
}
```
## Template fixtures with types specified in template type lists
Catch2 also provides `TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD` to support template fixtures with types specified in
template type lists like `std::tuple`, `boost::mpl::list` or `boost::mp11::mp_list`. This test case works the same as `TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE_METHOD`,
only difference is the source of types. This allows you to reuse the template type list in multiple test cases.
Example:
```cpp
using MyTypes = std::tuple<int, char, double>;
TEMPLATE_LIST_TEST_CASE_METHOD(Template_Fixture, "Template test case method with test types specified inside std::tuple", "[class][template][list]", MyTypes)
{
REQUIRE( Template_Fixture<TestType>::m_a == 1 );
}
```
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# String conversions
**Contents**<br>
[operator << overload for std::ostream](#operator--overload-for-stdostream)<br>
[Catch::StringMaker specialisation](#catchstringmaker-specialisation)<br>
[Catch::is_range specialisation](#catchis_range-specialisation)<br>
[Exceptions](#exceptions)<br>
[Enums](#enums)<br>
[Floating point precision](#floating-point-precision)<br>
Catch needs to be able to convert types you use in assertions and logging expressions into strings (for logging and reporting purposes).
Most built-in or std types are supported out of the box but there are two ways that you can tell Catch how to convert your own types (or other, third-party types) into strings.
## operator << overload for std::ostream
This is the standard way of providing string conversions in C++ - and the chances are you may already provide this for your own purposes. If you're not familiar with this idiom it involves writing a free function of the form:
```cpp
std::ostream& operator << ( std::ostream& os, T const& value ) {
os << convertMyTypeToString( value );
return os;
}
```
(where ```T``` is your type and ```convertMyTypeToString``` is where you'll write whatever code is necessary to make your type printable - it doesn't have to be in another function).
You should put this function in the same namespace as your type, or the global namespace, and have it declared before including Catch's header.
## Catch::StringMaker specialisation
If you don't want to provide an ```operator <<``` overload, or you want to convert your type differently for testing purposes, you can provide a specialization for `Catch::StringMaker<T>`:
```cpp
namespace Catch {
template<>
struct StringMaker<T> {
static std::string convert( T const& value ) {
return convertMyTypeToString( value );
}
};
}
```
## Catch::is_range specialisation
As a fallback, Catch attempts to detect if the type can be iterated
(`begin(T)` and `end(T)` are valid) and if it can be, it is stringified
as a range. For certain types this can lead to infinite recursion, so
it can be disabled by specializing `Catch::is_range` like so:
```cpp
namespace Catch {
template<>
struct is_range<T> {
static const bool value = false;
};
}
```
## Exceptions
By default all exceptions deriving from `std::exception` will be translated to strings by calling the `what()` method. For exception types that do not derive from `std::exception` - or if `what()` does not return a suitable string - use `CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION`. This defines a function that takes your exception type, by reference, and returns a string. It can appear anywhere in the code - it doesn't have to be in the same translation unit. For example:
```cpp
CATCH_TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION( MyType& ex ) {
return ex.message();
}
```
## Enums
> Introduced in Catch 2.8.0.
Enums that already have a `<<` overload for `std::ostream` will convert to strings as expected.
If you only need to convert enums to strings for test reporting purposes you can provide a `StringMaker` specialisations as any other type.
However, as a convenience, Catch provides the `REGISTER_ENUM` helper macro that will generate the `StringMaker` specialiation for you with minimal code.
Simply provide it the (qualified) enum name, followed by all the enum values, and you're done!
E.g.
```cpp
enum class Fruits { Banana, Apple, Mango };
CATCH_REGISTER_ENUM( Fruits, Fruits::Banana, Fruits::Apple, Fruits::Mango )
TEST_CASE() {
REQUIRE( Fruits::Mango == Fruits::Apple );
}
```
... or if the enum is in a namespace:
```cpp
namespace Bikeshed {
enum class Colours { Red, Green, Blue };
}
// Important!: This macro must appear at top level scope - not inside a namespace
// You can fully qualify the names, or use a using if you prefer
CATCH_REGISTER_ENUM( Bikeshed::Colours,
Bikeshed::Colours::Red,
Bikeshed::Colours::Green,
Bikeshed::Colours::Blue )
TEST_CASE() {
REQUIRE( Bikeshed::Colours::Red == Bikeshed::Colours::Blue );
}
```
## Floating point precision
> [Introduced](https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2/issues/1614) in Catch 2.8.0.
Catch provides a built-in `StringMaker` specialization for both `float`
and `double`. By default, it uses what we think is a reasonable precision,
but you can customize it by modifying the `precision` static variable
inside the `StringMaker` specialization, like so:
```cpp
Catch::StringMaker<float>::precision = 15;
const float testFloat1 = 1.12345678901234567899f;
const float testFloat2 = 1.12345678991234567899f;
REQUIRE(testFloat1 == testFloat2);
```
This assertion will fail and print out the `testFloat1` and `testFloat2`
to 15 decimal places.
---
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<a id="top"></a>
# Tutorial
**Contents**<br>
[Getting Catch2](#getting-catch2)<br>
[Where to put it?](#where-to-put-it)<br>
[Writing tests](#writing-tests)<br>
[Test cases and sections](#test-cases-and-sections)<br>
[BDD-Style](#bdd-style)<br>
[Scaling up](#scaling-up)<br>
[Type parametrised test cases](#type-parametrised-test-cases)<br>
[Next steps](#next-steps)<br>
## Getting Catch2
The simplest way to get Catch2 is to download the latest [single header version](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/catchorg/Catch2/v2.x/single_include/catch2/catch.hpp). The single header is generated by merging a set of individual headers but it is still just normal source code in a header file.
Alternative ways of getting Catch2 include using your system package
manager, or installing it using [its CMake package](cmake-integration.md#installing-catch2-from-git-repository).
The full source for Catch2, including test projects, documentation, and other things, is hosted on GitHub. [http://catch-lib.net](http://catch-lib.net) will redirect you there.
## Where to put it?
Catch2 is header only. All you need to do is drop the file somewhere reachable from your project - either in some central location you can set your header search path to find, or directly into your project tree itself! This is a particularly good option for other Open-Source projects that want to use Catch for their test suite. See [this blog entry for more on that](https://levelofindirection.com/blog/unit-testing-in-cpp-and-objective-c-just-got-ridiculously-easier-still.html).
The rest of this tutorial will assume that the Catch2 single-include header (or the include folder) is available unqualified - but you may need to prefix it with a folder name if necessary.
_If you have installed Catch2 from system package manager, or CMake
package, you need to include the header as `#include <catch2/catch.hpp>`_
## Writing tests
Let's start with a really simple example ([code](../examples/010-TestCase.cpp)). Say you have written a function to calculate factorials and now you want to test it (let's leave aside TDD for now).
```c++
unsigned int Factorial( unsigned int number ) {
return number <= 1 ? number : Factorial(number-1)*number;
}
```
To keep things simple we'll put everything in a single file (<a href="#scaling-up">see later for more on how to structure your test files</a>).
```c++
#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN // This tells Catch to provide a main() - only do this in one cpp file
#include "catch.hpp"
unsigned int Factorial( unsigned int number ) {
return number <= 1 ? number : Factorial(number-1)*number;
}
TEST_CASE( "Factorials are computed", "[factorial]" ) {
REQUIRE( Factorial(1) == 1 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(2) == 2 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(3) == 6 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(10) == 3628800 );
}
```
This will compile to a complete executable which responds to [command line arguments](command-line.md#top). If you just run it with no arguments it will execute all test cases (in this case there is just one), report any failures, report a summary of how many tests passed and failed and return the number of failed tests (useful for if you just want a yes/ no answer to: "did it work").
If you run this as written it will pass. Everything is good. Right?
Well, there is still a bug here. In fact the first version of this tutorial I posted here genuinely had the bug in! So it's not completely contrived (thanks to Daryle Walker (```@CTMacUser```) for pointing this out).
What is the bug? Well what is the factorial of zero?
[The factorial of zero is one](http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/57128.html) - which is just one of those things you have to know (and remember!).
Let's add that to the test case:
```c++
TEST_CASE( "Factorials are computed", "[factorial]" ) {
REQUIRE( Factorial(0) == 1 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(1) == 1 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(2) == 2 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(3) == 6 );
REQUIRE( Factorial(10) == 3628800 );
}
```
Now we get a failure - something like:
```
Example.cpp:9: FAILED:
REQUIRE( Factorial(0) == 1 )
with expansion:
0 == 1
```
Note that we get the actual return value of Factorial(0) printed for us (0) - even though we used a natural expression with the == operator. That lets us immediately see what the problem is.
Let's change the factorial function to:
```c++
unsigned int Factorial( unsigned int number ) {
return number > 1 ? Factorial(number-1)*number : 1;
}
```
Now all the tests pass.
Of course there are still more issues to deal with. For example we'll hit problems when the return value starts to exceed the range of an unsigned int. With factorials that can happen quite quickly. You might want to add tests for such cases and decide how to handle them. We'll stop short of doing that here.
### What did we do here?
Although this was a simple test it's been enough to demonstrate a few things about how Catch is used. Let's take a moment to consider those before we move on.
1. All we did was ```#define``` one identifier and ```#include``` one header and we got everything - even an implementation of ```main()``` that will [respond to command line arguments](command-line.md#top). You can only use that ```#define``` in one implementation file, for (hopefully) obvious reasons. Once you have more than one file with unit tests in you'll just ```#include "catch.hpp"``` and go. Usually it's a good idea to have a dedicated implementation file that just has ```#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN``` and ```#include "catch.hpp"```. You can also provide your own implementation of main and drive Catch yourself (see [Supplying-your-own-main()](own-main.md#top)).
2. We introduce test cases with the ```TEST_CASE``` macro. This macro takes one or two arguments - a free form test name and, optionally, one or more tags (for more see <a href="#test-cases-and-sections">Test cases and Sections</a>). The test name must be unique. You can run sets of tests by specifying a wildcarded test name or a tag expression. See the [command line docs](command-line.md#top) for more information on running tests.
3. The name and tags arguments are just strings. We haven't had to declare a function or method - or explicitly register the test case anywhere. Behind the scenes a function with a generated name is defined for you, and automatically registered using static registry classes. By abstracting the function name away we can name our tests without the constraints of identifier names.
4. We write our individual test assertions using the ```REQUIRE``` macro. Rather than a separate macro for each type of condition we express the condition naturally using C/C++ syntax. Behind the scenes a simple set of expression templates captures the left-hand-side and right-hand-side of the expression so we can display the values in our test report. As we'll see later there _are_ other assertion macros - but because of this technique the number of them is drastically reduced.
<a id="test-cases-and-sections"></a>
## Test cases and sections
Most test frameworks have a class-based fixture mechanism. That is, test cases map to methods on a class and common setup and teardown can be performed in ```setup()``` and ```teardown()``` methods (or constructor/ destructor in languages, like C++, that support deterministic destruction).
While Catch fully supports this way of working there are a few problems with the approach. In particular the way your code must be split up, and the blunt granularity of it, may cause problems. You can only have one setup/ teardown pair across a set of methods, but sometimes you want slightly different setup in each method, or you may even want several levels of setup (a concept which we will clarify later on in this tutorial). It was <a href="http://jamesnewkirk.typepad.com/posts/2007/09/why-you-should-.html">problems like these</a> that led James Newkirk, who led the team that built NUnit, to start again from scratch and <a href="http://jamesnewkirk.typepad.com/posts/2007/09/announcing-xuni.html">build xUnit</a>).
Catch takes a different approach (to both NUnit and xUnit) that is a more natural fit for C++ and the C family of languages. This is best explained through an example ([code](../examples/100-Fix-Section.cpp)):
```c++
TEST_CASE( "vectors can be sized and resized", "[vector]" ) {
std::vector<int> v( 5 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
SECTION( "resizing bigger changes size and capacity" ) {
v.resize( 10 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 10 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 10 );
}
SECTION( "resizing smaller changes size but not capacity" ) {
v.resize( 0 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 0 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
}
SECTION( "reserving bigger changes capacity but not size" ) {
v.reserve( 10 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 10 );
}
SECTION( "reserving smaller does not change size or capacity" ) {
v.reserve( 0 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
}
}
```
For each ```SECTION``` the ```TEST_CASE``` is executed from the start - so as we enter each section we know that size is 5 and capacity is at least 5. We enforced those requirements with the ```REQUIRE```s at the top level so we can be confident in them.
This works because the ```SECTION``` macro contains an if statement that calls back into Catch to see if the section should be executed. One leaf section is executed on each run through a ```TEST_CASE```. The other sections are skipped. Next time through the next section is executed, and so on until no new sections are encountered.
So far so good - this is already an improvement on the setup/teardown approach because now we see our setup code inline and use the stack.
The power of sections really shows, however, when we need to execute a sequence of checked operations. Continuing the vector example, we might want to verify that attempting to reserve a capacity smaller than the current capacity of the vector changes nothing. We can do that, naturally, like so:
```c++
SECTION( "reserving bigger changes capacity but not size" ) {
v.reserve( 10 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 10 );
SECTION( "reserving smaller again does not change capacity" ) {
v.reserve( 7 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 10 );
}
}
```
Sections can be nested to an arbitrary depth (limited only by your stack size). Each leaf section (i.e. a section that contains no nested sections) will be executed exactly once, on a separate path of execution from any other leaf section (so no leaf section can interfere with another). A failure in a parent section will prevent nested sections from running - but then that's the idea.
## BDD-Style
If you name your test cases and sections appropriately you can achieve a BDD-style specification structure. This became such a useful way of working that first class support has been added to Catch. Scenarios can be specified using ```SCENARIO```, ```GIVEN```, ```WHEN``` and ```THEN``` macros, which map on to ```TEST_CASE```s and ```SECTION```s, respectively. For more details see [Test cases and sections](test-cases-and-sections.md#top).
The vector example can be adjusted to use these macros like so ([example code](../examples/120-Bdd-ScenarioGivenWhenThen.cpp)):
```c++
SCENARIO( "vectors can be sized and resized", "[vector]" ) {
GIVEN( "A vector with some items" ) {
std::vector<int> v( 5 );
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
WHEN( "the size is increased" ) {
v.resize( 10 );
THEN( "the size and capacity change" ) {
REQUIRE( v.size() == 10 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 10 );
}
}
WHEN( "the size is reduced" ) {
v.resize( 0 );
THEN( "the size changes but not capacity" ) {
REQUIRE( v.size() == 0 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
}
}
WHEN( "more capacity is reserved" ) {
v.reserve( 10 );
THEN( "the capacity changes but not the size" ) {
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 10 );
}
}
WHEN( "less capacity is reserved" ) {
v.reserve( 0 );
THEN( "neither size nor capacity are changed" ) {
REQUIRE( v.size() == 5 );
REQUIRE( v.capacity() >= 5 );
}
}
}
}
```
Conveniently, these tests will be reported as follows when run:
```
Scenario: vectors can be sized and resized
Given: A vector with some items
When: more capacity is reserved
Then: the capacity changes but not the size
```
<a id="scaling-up"></a>
## Scaling up
To keep the tutorial simple we put all our code in a single file. This is fine to get started - and makes jumping into Catch even quicker and easier. As you write more real-world tests, though, this is not really the best approach.
The requirement is that the following block of code ([or equivalent](own-main.md#top)):
```c++
#define CATCH_CONFIG_MAIN
#include "catch.hpp"
```
appears in _exactly one_ source file. Use as many additional cpp files (or whatever you call your implementation files) as you need for your tests, partitioned however makes most sense for your way of working. Each additional file need only ```#include "catch.hpp"``` - do not repeat the ```#define```!
In fact it is usually a good idea to put the block with the ```#define``` [in its own source file](slow-compiles.md#top) (code example [main](../examples/020-TestCase-1.cpp), [tests](../examples/020-TestCase-2.cpp)).
Do not write your tests in header files!
## Type parametrised test cases
Test cases in Catch2 can be also parametrised by type, via the
`TEMPLATE_TEST_CASE` and `TEMPLATE_PRODUCT_TEST_CASE` macros,
which behave in the same way the `TEST_CASE` macro, but are run for
every type or type combination.
For more details, see our documentation on [test cases and
sections](test-cases-and-sections.md#type-parametrised-test-cases).
## Next steps
This has been a brief introduction to get you up and running with Catch, and to point out some of the key differences between Catch and other frameworks you may already be familiar with. This will get you going quite far already and you are now in a position to dive in and write some tests.
Of course there is more to learn - most of which you should be able to page-fault in as you go. Please see the ever-growing [Reference section](Readme.md#top) for what's available.
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# Why do we need yet another C++ test framework?
Good question. For C++ there are quite a number of established frameworks,
including (but not limited to),
[Google Test](http://code.google.com/p/googletest/),
[Boost.Test](http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_49_0/libs/test/doc/html/index.html),
[CppUnit](http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/cppunit/index.php?title=Main_Page),
[Cute](http://www.cute-test.com),
[many, many more](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks#C.2B.2B).
So what does Catch bring to the party that differentiates it from these? Apart from a Catchy name, of course.
## Key Features
* Quick and Really easy to get started. Just download catch.hpp, `#include` it and you're away.
* No external dependencies. As long as you can compile C++11 and have a C++ standard library available.
* Write test cases as, self-registering, functions (or methods, if you prefer).
* Divide test cases into sections, each of which is run in isolation (eliminates the need for fixtures).
* Use BDD-style Given-When-Then sections as well as traditional unit test cases.
* Only one core assertion macro for comparisons. Standard C/C++ operators are used for the comparison - yet the full expression is decomposed and lhs and rhs values are logged.
* Tests are named using free-form strings - no more couching names in legal identifiers.
## Other core features
* Tests can be tagged for easily running ad-hoc groups of tests.
* Failures can (optionally) break into the debugger on Windows and Mac.
* Output is through modular reporter objects. Basic textual and XML reporters are included. Custom reporters can easily be added.
* JUnit xml output is supported for integration with third-party tools, such as CI servers.
* A default main() function is provided, but you can supply your own for complete control (e.g. integration into your own test runner GUI).
* A command line parser is provided and can still be used if you choose to provided your own main() function.
* Catch can test itself.
* Alternative assertion macro(s) report failures but don't abort the test case
* Floating point tolerance comparisons are built in using an expressive Approx() syntax.
* Internal and friendly macros are isolated so name clashes can be managed
* Matchers
## Who else is using Catch?
See the list of [open source projects using Catch](opensource-users.md#top).
See the [tutorial](tutorial.md#top) to get more of a taste of using Catch in practice
---
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